algo-risk-altman-z
Altman Z-Score
Overview
Altman Z-Score is a linear discriminant model predicting bankruptcy probability from five financial ratios. Z = 1.2X₁ + 1.4X₂ + 3.3X₃ + 0.6X₄ + 1.0X₅. Zones: Z > 2.99 (safe), 1.81-2.99 (grey), Z < 1.81 (distress). Originally for public manufacturing firms; variants exist for private and non-manufacturing.
When to Use
Trigger conditions:
- Screening companies for bankruptcy risk
- Quick credit assessment using publicly available financials
- Monitoring portfolio companies for financial distress signals
When NOT to use:
- For financial institutions (banks, insurers) — different capital structures
- When detailed credit scoring is needed (use logistic regression credit models)
Algorithm
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