twelve-factor-app
Twelve Factor App
The Twelve-Factor App is a methodology for building software-as-a-service applications that are portable, deployable on modern cloud platforms, and scalable without significant architectural changes. Originally published in 2011 by Adam Wiggins (Heroku), the methodology was open-sourced in November 2024 and is now actively maintained at github.com/heroku/12factor with community-driven updates for Kubernetes, containers, and GitOps workflows.
SOURCE: https://12factor.net/blog/open-source-announcement (accessed 2026-02-26)
The Twelve Factors
| Factor | Principle |
|---|---|
| I. Codebase | One codebase tracked in revision control, many deploys |
| II. Dependencies | Explicitly declare and isolate dependencies |
| III. Config | Store config in the environment |
| IV. Backing services | Treat backing services as attached resources |
| V. Build, release, run | Strictly separate build and run stages |
| VI. Processes | Execute the app as one or more stateless processes |
| VII. Port binding | Export services via port binding |
| VIII. Concurrency | Scale out via the process model |
| IX. Disposability | Maximize robustness with fast startup and graceful shutdown |
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