Vulnerability Analysis

Systematic identification and analysis of vulnerabilities in binary targets.

Vulnerability Classes

Class	Signals	Typical Cause
Stack BOF	No bounds check on input	`gets()`, `strcpy()`, `sprintf()`
Format String	User input as format arg	`printf(buf)` instead of `printf("%s", buf)`
Heap Corruption	Dynamic allocation + free	UAF, double-free, heap overflow
Integer Overflow	Arithmetic on user input	Size calculations, array indexing
Race Condition	Multi-threaded or file ops	TOCTOU, signal handlers
Logic Bug	Unexpected program state	Auth bypass, incorrect checks