Or create from specific commit

git checkout -b feature/feature-name


**Naming conventions**:
- `feature/description`: New features
- `bugfix/description`: Bug fixes
- `hotfix/description`: Urgent fixes
- `refactor/description`: Code refactoring
- `docs/description`: Documentation updates

### Step 2: Making changes

**Stage changes**:
```bash
# Stage specific files
git add file1.py file2.js

# Stage all changes
git add .

# Stage with patch mode (interactive)
git add -p

Check status:

# See what's changed
git status

# See detailed diff
git diff

# See staged diff
git diff --staged

Step 3: Committing

Write good commit messages:

git commit -m "type(scope): subject

Detailed description of what changed and why.

- Change 1
- Change 2

Fixes #123"

Commit types:

feat: New feature
fix: Bug fix
docs: Documentation
style: Formatting, no code change
refactor: Code refactoring
test: Adding tests
chore: Maintenance

Example:

git commit -m "feat(auth): add JWT authentication

- Implement JWT token generation
- Add token validation middleware
- Update user model with refresh token

Closes #42"

Step 4: Pushing changes

# Push to remote
git push origin feature/feature-name

# Force push (use with caution!)
git push origin feature/feature-name --force-with-lease

# Set upstream and push
git push -u origin feature/feature-name

Step 5: Pulling and updating

# Pull latest changes
git pull origin main

# Pull with rebase (cleaner history)
git pull --rebase origin main

# Fetch without merging
git fetch origin

Step 6: Merging

Merge feature branch:

# Switch to main branch
git checkout main

# Merge feature
git merge feature/feature-name

# Merge with no fast-forward (creates merge commit)
git merge --no-ff feature/feature-name

Rebase instead of merge:

# On feature branch
git checkout feature/feature-name

# Rebase onto main
git rebase main

# Continue after resolving conflicts
git rebase --continue

# Abort rebase
git rebase --abort

Step 7: Resolving conflicts

When conflicts occur:

# See conflicted files
git status

# Open files and resolve conflicts
# Look for markers:
<<<<<<< HEAD
Current branch code
=======
Incoming branch code
>>>>>>> feature-branch

# After resolving
git add <resolved-files>
git commit  # For merge
git rebase --continue  # For rebase

Step 8: Cleaning up

# Delete local branch
git branch -d feature/feature-name

# Force delete
git branch -D feature/feature-name

# Delete remote branch
git push origin --delete feature/feature-name

# Clean up stale references
git fetch --prune

Advanced workflows

Interactive rebase

# Rebase last 3 commits
git rebase -i HEAD~3

# Commands in editor:
# pick: use commit
# reword: change commit message
# edit: amend commit
# squash: combine with previous
# fixup: like squash, discard message
# drop: remove commit

Stashing changes

# Stash current changes
git stash

# Stash with message
git stash save "Work in progress on feature X"

# List stashes
git stash list

# Apply most recent stash
git stash apply

# Apply and remove stash
git stash pop

# Apply specific stash
git stash apply stash@{2}

# Drop stash
git stash drop stash@{0}

# Clear all stashes
git stash clear

Cherry-picking

# Apply specific commit
git cherry-pick <commit-hash>

# Cherry-pick multiple commits
git cherry-pick <hash1> <hash2> <hash3>

# Cherry-pick without committing
git cherry-pick -n <commit-hash>

Bisect (finding bugs)

# Start bisect
git bisect start

# Mark current as bad
git bisect bad

# Mark known good commit
git bisect good <commit-hash>

# Git will checkout commits to test
# Test and mark each:
git bisect good  # if works
git bisect bad   # if broken

# When found, reset
git bisect reset

Examples

Example 1: Feature development workflow

# 1. Create feature branch
git checkout main
git pull origin main
git checkout -b feature/user-profile

# 2. Make changes
# ... edit files ...

# 3. Commit changes
git add src/profile/
git commit -m "feat(profile): add user profile page

- Create profile component
- Add profile API endpoints
- Add profile tests"

# 4. Keep up to date with main
git fetch origin
git rebase origin/main

# 5. Push to remote
git push origin feature/user-profile

# 6. Create Pull Request on GitHub/GitLab
# ... after review and approval ...

# 7. Merge and cleanup
git checkout main
git pull origin main
git branch -d feature/user-profile

Example 2: Hotfix workflow

# 1. Create hotfix branch from production
git checkout main
git pull origin main
git checkout -b hotfix/critical-bug

# 2. Fix the bug
# ... make fixes ...

# 3. Commit
git add .
git commit -m "hotfix: fix critical login bug

Fixes authentication bypass vulnerability

Fixes #999"

# 4. Push and merge immediately
git push origin hotfix/critical-bug

# After merge:
# 5. Cleanup
git checkout main
git pull origin main
git branch -d hotfix/critical-bug

Example 3: Collaborative workflow

# 1. Update main branch
git checkout main
git pull origin main

# 2. Create feature branch
git checkout -b feature/new-feature

# 3. Regular updates from main
git fetch origin
git rebase origin/main

# 4. Push your work
git push origin feature/new-feature

# 5. If teammate made changes to your branch
git pull origin feature/new-feature --rebase

# 6. Resolve any conflicts
# ... resolve conflicts ...
git add .
git rebase --continue

# 7. Force push after rebase
git push origin feature/new-feature --force-with-lease

Best practices

Commit often: Small, focused commits
Meaningful messages: Explain what and why
Pull before push: Stay updated
Review before commit: Check what you're committing
Use branches: Never commit directly to main
Keep history clean: Rebase feature branches
Test before push: Run tests locally
Write descriptive branch names: Easy to understand
Delete merged branches: Keep repository clean
Use .gitignore: Don't commit generated files

Common patterns

Undo last commit (keep changes)

git reset --soft HEAD~1

Undo last commit (discard changes)

git reset --hard HEAD~1

Amend last commit

# Change commit message
git commit --amend -m "New message"

# Add files to last commit
git add forgotten-file.txt
git commit --amend --no-edit

View history

# Detailed log
git log

# One line per commit
git log --oneline

# With graph
git log --oneline --graph --all

# Last 5 commits
git log -5

# Commits by author
git log --author="John"

# Commits in date range
git log --since="2 weeks ago"

Find commits

# Search commit messages
git log --grep="keyword"

# Search code changes
git log -S "function_name"

# Show file history
git log --follow -- path/to/file

Troubleshooting

Accidentally committed to wrong branch

# 1. Create correct branch from current state
git branch feature/correct-branch

# 2. Reset current branch
git reset --hard HEAD~1

# 3. Switch to correct branch
git checkout feature/correct-branch

Need to undo a merge

# If not pushed yet
git reset --hard HEAD~1

# If already pushed (creates revert commit)
git revert -m 1 <merge-commit-hash>

Recover deleted branch

# Find lost commit
git reflog

# Create branch from lost commit
git checkout -b recovered-branch <commit-hash>

Sync fork with upstream

# Add upstream remote
git remote add upstream https://github.com/original/repo.git

# Fetch upstream
git fetch upstream

# Merge upstream main
git checkout main
git merge upstream/main

# Push to your fork
git push origin main

Git configuration

User setup

git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email "your.email@example.com"

Aliases

git config --global alias.co checkout
git config --global alias.br branch
git config --global alias.ci commit
git config --global alias.st status
git config --global alias.unstage 'reset HEAD --'
git config --global alias.last 'log -1 HEAD'
git config --global alias.lg 'log --oneline --graph --all'

Editor

git config --global core.editor "code --wait"  # VS Code
git config --global core.editor "vim"           # Vim

Or create from specific commit

Step 3: Committing

Step 4: Pushing changes

Step 5: Pulling and updating

Step 6: Merging

Step 7: Resolving conflicts

Step 8: Cleaning up

Advanced workflows

Interactive rebase

Stashing changes

Cherry-picking

Bisect (finding bugs)

Examples

Example 1: Feature development workflow

Example 2: Hotfix workflow

Example 3: Collaborative workflow

Best practices

Common patterns

Undo last commit (keep changes)

Undo last commit (discard changes)

Amend last commit

View history

Find commits

Troubleshooting

Accidentally committed to wrong branch

Need to undo a merge

Recover deleted branch

Sync fork with upstream

Git configuration

User setup

Aliases

Editor

References

git-workflow

Git Workflow

When to use this skill

Instructions

Step 1: Branch management