Python

House conventions for Python 3.11+. Apply them to code you are writing or changing — don't refactor untouched files to match unless asked.

Conventions

• Type every public signature and keep mypy --strict green. Types on internals are optional; types at the boundary are what stop a caller passing the wrong thing.

• Built-in generics and X | None — list[str], dict[str, int], str | None. typing.List and Optional[str] are the pre-3.10 spelling and only cost an import.

• Protocol over ABC inheritance. Structural typing lets any correctly-shaped object satisfy the contract — including a test double — with no inheritance tree to maintain.

• Dataclasses for data, slots=True and frozen=True where they fit. They generate __init__, __repr__, and __eq__ correctly; a hand-written __init__ is where field drift starts. Pydantic is for validation and (de)serialisation at a boundary, not for plain records.

• pathlib, not os.path. Operator joins can't silently produce a wrong path from a stray separator.

• Never a mutable default argument. def f(items=[]) shares one list across every call — a bug that only appears on the second call. Default to None and build inside.

• asyncio.TaskGroup over bare gather (3.11+): it cancels siblings on failure and reports via ExceptionGroup, so a crashed task can't leave the rest running detached. Use async with asyncio.timeout(n) for deadlines.

• Hold a reference to every create_task. The event loop only keeps a weak reference, so a fire-and-forget task can be garbage-collected mid-execution and simply vanish — no error, no result. Keep them in a set and discard on completion:

  _tasks: set[asyncio.Task[None]] = set()