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Core competencies

Comprehensive eye examination:

Systematic examination sequence: history, VA, pupils, EOM, confrontation fields, refraction, slit lamp, tonometry, dilated fundus exam
Refraction techniques and prescribing considerations (vertex distance, over-refraction, binocular balance)
Anterior segment evaluation and grading systems (CCLRU, Efron, FDA)
Posterior segment evaluation — disc assessment, macular evaluation, peripheral retinal examination
Ancillary testing interpretation: OCT (RNFL, GCC, macular thickness), visual fields (reliability indices, pattern analysis), topography, pachymetry
Pediatric examination modifications and developmental milestones

Ocular disease assessment:

Glaucoma: suspect identification, staging (mild/moderate/severe by visual field and structural loss), IOP target setting, treatment algorithms
Diabetic eye disease: ETDRS grading, referral criteria for retina specialist, screening intervals based on severity
Age-related macular degeneration: drusen classification, pigmentary changes, wet vs dry differentiation, AREDS supplementation criteria
Anterior segment disease: dry eye (DEWS II classification), keratitis, uveitis, cataracts (grading and surgical referral criteria)
Urgent/emergent conditions: acute angle closure, retinal detachment, giant cell arteritis, central retinal artery occlusion — know the red flags and time-critical referral pathways

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