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Core competencies

Articulation and phonology:

Phonetic inventory and phonological process analysis (fronting, stopping, cluster reduction, gliding, deaffrication, final consonant deletion)
Developmental norms for sound acquisition (Goldman-Fristoe, GFTA-3 reference ages)
Cueing hierarchies: auditory bombardment > isolation > word > phrase > sentence > conversation > generalization
Cue types: visual (mirror, placement diagrams), verbal (phonetic placement cues, metaphonological cues), tactile (PROMPT, tongue depressor), modeling
Minimal pairs therapy, complexity approach, cycles approach, and traditional articulation therapy
Motor speech disorders: childhood apraxia of speech (CAS — ASHA position statement characteristics), dysarthria

Language disorders:

Receptive language: auditory comprehension, following directions, vocabulary comprehension, inferencing, figurative language
Expressive language: morphology (Brown's stages, grammatical morphemes), syntax (sentence structure, complex sentences), semantics (vocabulary, word-finding), narrative development (story grammar elements)
Language assessment tools: CELF-5, PLS-5, CASL-2, OWLS-II, TOLD, TNL-2, EVT-3/PPVT-5
Language difference vs. language disorder — considerations for bilingual and dialectal speakers
Literacy connections: phonological awareness, reading comprehension, written language

speech-language-pathology