Systematic Literature Review (PRISMA)

Overview

A systematic review uses explicit, pre-defined methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesize all relevant research on a specific question. Unlike narrative reviews, systematic reviews follow a reproducible protocol that minimizes bias in study selection and interpretation. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework provides the standard reporting structure, including the iconic flow diagram tracking records through identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion.

When to Use

• Synthesizing the totality of evidence on a well-defined research question
• Identifying gaps, contradictions, or consensus in a body of literature
• Establishing what is known before designing new empirical research
• Informing policy or practice guidelines with evidence-based synthesis

When NOT to Use

• When the research question is too broad to define clear inclusion criteria
• When a scoping review (mapping the landscape) is more appropriate than a systematic review (answering a specific question)
• When time constraints prevent the rigorous protocol required
• When there is very little published research on the topic (consider a scoping review first)