Theory Development (asq-theory-development)

When to trigger

• You have a puzzle (from asq-topic-selection) but no theoretical machinery to explain it
• Your "theory" is a box-and-arrow diagram with labeled constructs but no mechanism
• You are unsure whether your phenomenon needs a process theory or a variance theory
• Reviewers say the theory is "thin," "post hoc," or "a relabeling of the finding"

Process theory vs. variance theory

This is the central choice at ASQ. Get it right before drafting.

• Variance theory explains how much of an outcome varies with antecedents: X → Y, with moderators/mediators. Appropriate for "whether and under what conditions" questions, typically quantitative.
• Process theory explains how and why something unfolds over time: sequences, events, feedback, transformation. Appropriate for emergence, becoming, contestation, and dynamics — typically qualitative/inductive.

ASQ punishes variance framing forced onto a process question: if your data show a sequence of events transforming an organization but you write it as "factor A increases outcome B," reviewers will say the theory and phenomenon are mismatched. Match the form of the theory to the form of the phenomenon. ASQ's lineage makes process and interpretive theorizing fully legitimate as the main contribution — this is a real difference from journals where the variance/hypothesis template is the implicit standard. Barley's (1986) ASQ study of CT scanners, for instance, theorized structuring as a process rather than estimating an effect of technology on structure.

Mechanism first