// Arrays let numbers: number[] = [1, 2, 3] let strings: Array = ['a', 'b', 'c']

// Tuples (fixed length arrays) let tuple: [string, number] = ['hello', 42]

// Any (avoid when possible) let anything: any = 'could be anything'

// Unknown (safer than any) let value: unknown = 'safe but needs type check' if (typeof value === 'string') { console.log(value.toUpperCase()) }

// Void (no return value) function log(message: string): void { console.log(message) }

// Never (never returns) function throwError(message: string): never { throw new Error(message) }


**Special Types**
```ts
// Literal types
let direction: 'up' | 'down' | 'left' | 'right' = 'up'

// Nullable types
let name: string | null = null

// Optional properties
interface User {
  id: number
  name: string
  age?: number  // Optional
  email: string | null  // Nullable
}

// Type assertions (use carefully)
const value = 'hello' as string
const element = document.getElementById('app') as HTMLDivElement

// Non-null assertion (only when you're sure)
const length = value!.length

Interfaces vs Types

Interfaces

// Interface (best for objects, can be extended)
interface User {
  id: number
  name: string
}

interface User {
  email: string  // Declaration merging
}

interface Admin extends User {
  permissions: string[]
}

Type Aliases

// Type alias (more flexible, can represent anything)
type User = {
  id: number
  name: string
}

// Union types
type Status = 'pending' | 'active' | 'inactive'

// Intersection types
type UserWithTimestamp = User & {
  createdAt: Date
  updatedAt: Date
}

// Conditional types
type NonNullable<T> = T extends null | undefined ? never : T

When to use which

Use interfaces for object shapes that can be extended or merged
Use types for unions, intersections, conditional types, and primitives

Functions

Type Annotations

// Function declaration
function add(a: number, b: number): number {
  return a + b
}

// Arrow function
const multiply = (a: number, b: number): number => a * b

// Function type
type MathOperation = (a: number, b: number) => number

const operation: MathOperation = (a, b) => a + b

Function Overloads

// Function overloading
function process(input: string): string
function process(input: number): number
function process(input: string | number): string | number {
  if (typeof input === 'string') {
    return input.toUpperCase()
  }
  return input * 2
}

// Method overloads in interface
interface Document {
  createElement(tagName: 'div'): HTMLDivElement
  createElement(tagName: 'span'): HTMLSpanElement
  createElement(tagName: string): HTMLElement
}

Rest Parameters

function sum(...numbers: number[]): number {
  return numbers.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
}

function logPair(first: string, ...rest: string[]) {
  console.log(first, rest)
}

Generics

Basic Generics

// Generic function
function identity<T>(arg: T): T {
  return arg
}

identity<string>('hello')
identity(42)  // Type inferred

// Generic interface
interface Box<T> {
  value: T
}

const stringBox: Box<string> = { value: 'hello' }
const numberBox: Box<number> = { value: 42 }

// Generic class
class Storage<T> {
  private items: T[] = []

  add(item: T): void {
    this.items.push(item)
  }

  get(index: number): T | undefined {
    return this.items[index]
  }
}

const stringStorage = new Storage<string>()
stringStorage.add('hello')

Generic Constraints

// Constraining generic with extends
interface Lengthwise {
  length: number
}

function logLength<T extends Lengthwise>(arg: T): void {
  console.log(arg.length)
}

logLength('hello')  // Works - string has length
logLength([1, 2, 3])  // Works - array has length
// logLength(42)  // Error - number doesn't have length

// Using keyof
function getProperty<T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K): T[K] {
  return obj[key]
}

const user = { name: 'John', age: 30 }
getProperty(user, 'name')  // Works
// getProperty(user, 'email')  // Error

Utility Types with Generics

// Partial - make all properties optional
type PartialUser = Partial<User>

// Required - make all properties required
type RequiredUser = Required<Partial<User>>

// Pick - select specific properties
type UserName = Pick<User, 'name'>

// Omit - remove specific properties
type UserWithoutId = Omit<User, 'id'>

// Record - create object type
type UserMap = Record<string, User>

Advanced Types

Conditional Types

// Basic conditional type
type NonNullable<T> = T extends null | undefined ? never : T

// Nested conditional
type Response<T> = T extends string
  ? { message: T }
  : T extends number
  ? { value: T }
  : { data: T }

type StringResponse = Response<'hello'>  // { message: 'hello' }
type NumberResponse = Response<42>  // { value: 42 }

Mapped Types

// Mapped type
type Readonly<T> = {
  readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P]
}

type Optional<T> = {
  [P in keyof T]?: T[P]
}

// Template literal types
type EventName<T extends string> = `on${Capitalize<T>}`
type ClickEvent = EventName<'click'>  // 'onClick'

// Key remapping
type Getters<T> = {
  [P in keyof T as `get${Capitalize<P & string>}`]: () => T[P]
}

interface User {
  name: string
  age: number
}

type UserGetters = Getters<User>
// { getName: () => string; getAge: () => number }

Utility Types

// Built-in utility types
interface User {
  id: number
  name: string
  email: string
  age: number
}

// Partial - all optional
type PartialUser = Partial<User>

// Required - all required
type RequiredUser = Required<Partial<User>>

// Readonly - all readonly
type ReadonlyUser = Readonly<User>

// Pick - select keys
type UserName = Pick<User, 'name' | 'email'>

// Omit - remove keys
type UserWithoutEmail = Omit<User, 'email'>

// Record - construct type
type UserRecord = Record<string, User>

// Extract - extract from union
type Primitive = Extract<string | number | boolean, string | number>

// Exclude - exclude from union
type NotString = Exclude<string | number | boolean, string>

// ReturnType - get return type
type AddReturn = ReturnType<typeof add>  // number

// Parameters - get parameter types
type AddParams = Parameters<typeof add>  // [number, number]

// Awaited - unwrap promise type
type Data = Awaited<Promise<{ id: number }>>  // { id: number }

Type Guards & Narrowing

typeof Type Guard

function process(value: string | number) {
  if (typeof value === 'string') {
    value.toUpperCase()  // TypeScript knows it's string
  } else {
    value.toFixed(2)  // TypeScript knows it's number
  }
}

instanceof Type Guard

class Dog {
  bark() { console.log('Woof!') }
}

class Cat {
  meow() { console.log('Meow!') }
}

function makeSound(animal: Dog | Cat) {
  if (animal instanceof Dog) {
    animal.bark()
  } else {
    animal.meow()
  }
}

in Operator

interface Bird {
  fly(): void
  layEggs(): void
}

interface Fish {
  swim(): void
  layEggs(): void
}

function move(animal: Bird | Fish) {
  if ('fly' in animal) {
    animal.fly()
  } else {
    animal.swim()
  }
}

Discriminated Unions

interface SuccessResponse {
  status: 'success'
  data: { id: number; name: string }
}

interface ErrorResponse {
  status: 'error'
  error: { message: string; code: number }
}

type ApiResponse = SuccessResponse | ErrorResponse

function handleResponse(response: ApiResponse) {
  if (response.status === 'success') {
    response.data  // TypeScript knows this exists
  } else {
    response.error  // TypeScript knows this exists
  }
}

Custom Type Guards

interface User {
  name: string
  email: string
}

function isUser(value: unknown): value is User {
  return (
    typeof value === 'object' &&
    value !== null &&
    'name' in value &&
    'email' in value
  )
}

function processValue(value: unknown) {
  if (isUser(value)) {
    console.log(value.email)  // TypeScript knows it's User
  }
}

Type Assertions vs Type Guards

// Type assertion (use sparingly)
const value = 'hello' as unknown as number  // Dangerous!

// Type guard (preferred)
function isString(value: unknown): value is string {
  return typeof value === 'string'
}

if (isString(value)) {
  value.toUpperCase()  // Safe
}

Declaration Files

.d.ts Files

// types/index.d.ts
declare module 'my-library' {
  export interface Options {
    debug?: boolean
    timeout?: number
  }

  export function init(options?: Options): void
  export function processData(input: string): Promise<string>
}

// Global augmentation
declare global {
  interface Window {
    myApp: {
      version: string
      config: Record<string, unknown>
    }
  }
}

export {}  // Required for global augmentation in modules

Module Declaration

// For modules without types
declare module 'untyped-library' {
  export default function anyThing(value: any): any
}

// For global libraries
declare namespace NodeJS {
  interface ProcessEnv {
    MY_CUSTOM_VAR: string
  }
}

tsconfig.json

Recommended Configuration

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    // Language and Environment
    "target": "ES2022",
    "lib": ["ES2022"],
    "jsx": "react-jsx",
    "module": "ESNext",
    "moduleResolution": "bundler",
    "resolveJsonModule": true,

    // Type Checking
    "strict": true,
    "noUnusedLocals": true,
    "noUnusedParameters": true,
    "noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true,
    "noImplicitReturns": true,
    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,

    // Emit
    "declaration": true,
    "declarationMap": true,
    "sourceMap": true,
    "outDir": "./dist",
    "rootDir": "./src",

    // Interop Constraints
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,
    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
    "isolatedModules": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true
  },
  "include": ["src/**/*"],
  "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"]
}

Common Pitfalls

Using any → Use unknown and type guards instead
Not using strict mode → Enable strict in tsconfig.json
Ignoring type errors → Fix them properly with proper types
Overusing type assertions → Prefer type guards
Not typing props → Always type function parameters
Forgetting null checks → Enable strictNullChecks
Missing return types → Explicit return types help catch errors

Best Practices

Enable strict mode → Catches many errors at compile time
Avoid any → Use unknown and type narrowing
Use type inference → Let TypeScript infer when possible
Prefer interfaces for objects → Use type for unions and computed types
Use generics → Write reusable, type-safe code
Type guards → Narrow types safely instead of asserting
Utility types → Leverage Partial, Pick, Omit, etc.
Declaration files → Properly type external libraries
Read-only → Use readonly and as const for immutable data
Type-only imports → Use import type for type-only imports

Part of SuperAI GitHub - Centralized OpenCode Configuration

typescript

TypeScript Skill

What I Know

Basic Types