// app/products/page.tsx - Server Component (default)
import { db } from '@/lib/db';

export default async function ProductsPage() {
  // Direct database access - no API needed
  const products = await db.product.findMany();

  return (
    <main>
      <h1>Products</h1>
      <ProductList products={products} />
    </main>
  );
}

When to use Server Components:

Fetching data
Accessing backend resources
Keeping sensitive info server-side
Large dependencies (keep off client bundle)

Client Components

Add 'use client' when you need interactivity:

'use client';

import { useState } from 'react';

export function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

  return (
    <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c + 1)}>
      Count: {count}
    </button>
  );
}

When to use Client Components:

Event handlers (onClick, onChange)
useState, useEffect, useRef
Browser APIs (localStorage, window)
Third-party client libraries

Component Composition Pattern

// Server Component (page)
import { getUser } from '@/lib/auth';
import { UserProfile } from './UserProfile'; // Client

export default async function ProfilePage() {
  const user = await getUser(); // Server-side fetch

  return (
    <main>
      {/* Pass server data to client component */}
      <UserProfile initialData={user} />
    </main>
  );
}

// Client Component
'use client';

export function UserProfile({ initialData }: { initialData: User }) {
  const [user, setUser] = useState(initialData);
  // Client-side interactivity with server-fetched data
}

Server Actions

Replace API routes for mutations:

// app/actions/subscribe.ts
'use server';

import { z } from 'zod';
import { db } from '@/lib/db';

const schema = z.object({
  email: z.string().email(),
});

export async function subscribeAction(formData: FormData) {
  const parsed = schema.safeParse({
    email: formData.get('email'),
  });

  if (!parsed.success) {
    return { error: parsed.error.flatten().fieldErrors };
  }

  await db.subscriber.create({
    data: { email: parsed.data.email },
  });

  return { success: true };
}

// app/components/SubscribeForm.tsx
'use client';

import { subscribeAction } from '@/app/actions/subscribe';
import { useActionState } from 'react';

export function SubscribeForm() {
  const [state, action, pending] = useActionState(subscribeAction, null);

  return (
    <form action={action}>
      <input name="email" type="email" disabled={pending} />
      <button type="submit" disabled={pending}>
        {pending ? 'Subscribing...' : 'Subscribe'}
      </button>
      {state?.error && <p className="text-red-500">{state.error.email}</p>}
      {state?.success && <p className="text-green-500">Subscribed!</p>}
    </form>
  );
}

Data Fetching Patterns

Parallel Fetching

export default async function DashboardPage() {
  // Fetch in parallel, not waterfall
  const [user, posts, analytics] = await Promise.all([
    getUser(),
    getPosts(),
    getAnalytics(),
  ]);

  return <Dashboard user={user} posts={posts} analytics={analytics} />;
}

Streaming with Suspense

import { Suspense } from 'react';

export default function Page() {
  return (
    <main>
      <h1>Dashboard</h1>

      {/* Fast content renders immediately */}
      <WelcomeMessage />

      {/* Slow content streams in */}
      <Suspense fallback={<AnalyticsSkeleton />}>
        <Analytics />
      </Suspense>

      <Suspense fallback={<RecommendationsSkeleton />}>
        <Recommendations />
      </Suspense>
    </main>
  );
}

Caching and Revalidation

// Fetch with cache control
async function getProducts() {
  const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/products', {
    next: {
      revalidate: 3600, // Revalidate every hour
      tags: ['products'], // For on-demand revalidation
    },
  });
  return res.json();
}

// On-demand revalidation (in Server Action)
import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache';

export async function updateProduct() {
  await db.product.update(...);
  revalidateTag('products'); // Invalidate cache
}

Error Handling

Error Boundaries

// app/products/error.tsx
'use client';

export default function ProductsError({
  error,
  reset,
}: {
  error: Error;
  reset: () => void;
}) {
  return (
    <div className="text-center py-10">
      <h2>Something went wrong!</h2>
      <p className="text-neutral-500">{error.message}</p>
      <button onClick={reset} className="mt-4 btn">
        Try again
      </button>
    </div>
  );
}

Not Found

// app/products/[id]/page.tsx
import { notFound } from 'next/navigation';

export default async function ProductPage({ params }: Props) {
  const product = await getProduct(params.id);

  if (!product) {
    notFound(); // Renders not-found.tsx
  }

  return <ProductDetails product={product} />;
}

Performance Patterns

Dynamic Imports

import dynamic from 'next/dynamic';

// Load heavy component only when needed
const HeavyChart = dynamic(() => import('./HeavyChart'), {
  loading: () => <ChartSkeleton />,
  ssr: false, // Client-only
});

Image Optimization

import Image from 'next/image';

export function ProductImage({ src, alt }: Props) {
  return (
    <Image
      src={src}
      alt={alt}
      width={400}
      height={300}
      placeholder="blur"
      blurDataURL="data:image/jpeg;base64,..."
      priority={false} // true for above-fold images
    />
  );
}

Metadata

// app/products/[id]/page.tsx
import { Metadata } from 'next';

export async function generateMetadata({ params }): Promise<Metadata> {
  const product = await getProduct(params.id);

  return {
    title: product.name,
    description: product.description,
    openGraph: {
      images: [product.image],
    },
  };
}

FrankX-Specific Patterns

Glassmorphic Server Component

// Server component with glassmorphic styling
export async function FeaturedProducts() {
  const products = await getFeaturedProducts();

  return (
    <section className="bg-white/5 backdrop-blur-xl border border-white/10 rounded-2xl p-8">
      <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold bg-gradient-to-r from-white to-aurora-1 bg-clip-text text-transparent">
        Featured
      </h2>
      <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-6 mt-6">
        {products.map(p => <ProductCard key={p.id} product={p} />)}
      </div>
    </section>
  );
}

Loading States

// app/products/loading.tsx
export default function ProductsLoading() {
  return (
    <div className="animate-pulse">
      <div className="h-8 bg-white/10 rounded w-1/4 mb-6" />
      <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-6">
        {[1, 2, 3].map(i => (
          <div key={i} className="h-64 bg-white/5 rounded-xl" />
        ))}
      </div>
    </div>
  );
}

Anti-Patterns to Avoid

Anti-Pattern	Better Approach
`'use client'` at page level	Keep pages as Server Components
Fetching in useEffect	Fetch in Server Components
Props drilling through many levels	Use composition or context
Giant components	Extract into smaller pieces
Inline styles everywhere	Use Tailwind utilities
Ignoring loading/error states	Always handle both

When to Use This Skill

Building new pages/features
Refactoring class components
Optimizing performance
Code reviews for React/Next.js

Related Skills

shadcn-ui-patterns - Component implementation
test-driven-development - Test components
webapp-testing - E2E testing

React & Next.js Patterns

React & Next.js Patterns

FrankX Stack

Server Components (Default)