class User { public: User(std::string name, std::string email) : name_(std::move(name)), email_(std::move(email)) {}

const std::string& name() const { return name_; }
const std::string& email() const { return email_; }

private: std::string name_; std::string email_; };

auto user = std::make_unique("John", "john@example.com");


## Core Concepts

### Smart Pointers

```cpp
// unique_ptr - exclusive ownership
auto user = std::make_unique<User>("John");

// shared_ptr - shared ownership
auto shared = std::make_shared<Resource>();
auto copy = shared;  // ref count increases

// weak_ptr - non-owning observer
std::weak_ptr<Resource> observer = shared;
if (auto locked = observer.lock()) {
    // safe to use
}

// Never use raw new/delete for ownership

Move Semantics

class Buffer {
public:
    Buffer(size_t size) : data_(new char[size]), size_(size) {}

    // Move constructor
    Buffer(Buffer&& other) noexcept
        : data_(other.data_), size_(other.size_) {
        other.data_ = nullptr;
        other.size_ = 0;
    }

    // Move assignment
    Buffer& operator=(Buffer&& other) noexcept {
        if (this != &other) {
            delete[] data_;
            data_ = other.data_;
            size_ = other.size_;
            other.data_ = nullptr;
            other.size_ = 0;
        }
        return *this;
    }

    ~Buffer() { delete[] data_; }

private:
    char* data_;
    size_t size_;
};

Common Patterns

Modern C++ Features

// Structured bindings (C++17)
auto [name, age] = std::make_pair("John", 25);
for (const auto& [key, value] : map) { /* ... */ }

// std::optional (C++17)
std::optional<User> findUser(int id) {
    if (exists) return User{...};
    return std::nullopt;
}

// Concepts (C++20)
template<typename T>
concept Numeric = std::is_arithmetic_v<T>;

template<Numeric T>
T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; }

// Ranges (C++20)
auto result = numbers
    | std::views::filter([](int n) { return n % 2 == 0; })
    | std::views::transform([](int n) { return n * 2; });

RAII Pattern

class FileHandle {
public:
    explicit FileHandle(const char* path)
        : file_(std::fopen(path, "r")) {
        if (!file_) throw std::runtime_error("Cannot open file");
    }

    ~FileHandle() { if (file_) std::fclose(file_); }

    // Delete copy
    FileHandle(const FileHandle&) = delete;
    FileHandle& operator=(const FileHandle&) = delete;

    // Allow move
    FileHandle(FileHandle&& other) noexcept : file_(other.file_) {
        other.file_ = nullptr;
    }

private:
    FILE* file_;
};

Best Practices

Do:

Use smart pointers for ownership
Apply RAII for resource management
Use const and constexpr liberally
Prefer std::string_view for read-only strings

Don't:

Use raw new/delete for ownership
Return raw pointers from functions
Use C-style casts (use static_cast)
Ignore compiler warnings

Troubleshooting

cpp

C++

When to Use

Quick Start

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