const User({required this.id, required this.name, required this.email});

factory User.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) => User( id: json['id'] as String, name: json['name'] as String, email: json['email'] as String, ); }


## Core Concepts

### Null Safety

```dart
// Non-nullable by default
String name = 'John';

// Nullable with ?
String? maybeNull;

// Late initialization
late final String lazyInit;

// Null-aware operators
String greeting = person?.name ?? 'Guest';
person?.address?.city;

Records & Pattern Matching (Dart 3)

// Records
(String, int) getPerson() => ('John', 25);

// Destructuring
final (name, age) = getPerson();

// Switch expressions with patterns
String describe(Object obj) => switch (obj) {
  int i when i < 0 => 'negative',
  int i => 'positive: $i',
  String s => 'string: $s',
  _ => 'unknown',
};

// Sealed classes
sealed class Result<T> {}
class Success<T> extends Result<T> { final T value; Success(this.value); }
class Failure<T> extends Result<T> { final String error; Failure(this.error); }

Common Patterns

Async/Await

Future<User> fetchUser(String id) async {
  final response = await http.get(Uri.parse('$baseUrl/users/$id'));
  if (response.statusCode != 200) {
    throw Exception('Failed to load user');
  }
  return User.fromJson(jsonDecode(response.body));
}

// Parallel execution
Future<void> loadData() async {
  final results = await Future.wait([
    fetchUser('1'),
    fetchOrders('1'),
  ]);
}

// Streams
Stream<int> countStream(int max) async* {
  for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
    await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 1));
    yield i;
  }
}

Extensions

extension StringExtension on String {
  String capitalize() =>
    isEmpty ? this : '${this[0].toUpperCase()}${substring(1)}';

  bool get isValidEmail =>
    RegExp(r'^[\w-\.]+@([\w-]+\.)+[\w-]{2,4}$').hasMatch(this);
}

Best Practices

Do:

Use const constructors when possible
Prefer final for immutable variables
Use named parameters with required
Follow effective_dart lints

Don't:

Use dynamic when type is known
Force unwrap with ! unnecessarily
Create God classes (keep small)
Ignore late initialization errors

Troubleshooting

dart

Dart

When to Use

Quick Start

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