export const handlers = [ http.get("/api/users", () => { return HttpResponse.json([ { id: "1", name: "Alice", email: "alice@example.com" }, { id: "2", name: "Bob", email: "bob@example.com" }, ]); }),

http.get("/api/users/:id", ({ params }) => {
    const { id } = params;
    return HttpResponse.json({
        id,
        name: "Alice",
        email: "alice@example.com",
    });
}),

http.post("/api/users", async ({ request }) => {
    const body = await request.json();
    return HttpResponse.json({ id: "3", ...body }, { status: 201 });
}),

http.patch("/api/users/:id", async ({ params, request }) => {
    const body = await request.json();
    return HttpResponse.json({ id: params.id, ...body });
}),

http.delete("/api/users/:id", () => {
    return new HttpResponse(null, { status: 204 });
}),

];


### GraphQL Handlers

```typescript
import { graphql, HttpResponse } from "msw";

export const graphqlHandlers = [
    graphql.query("GetUsers", () => {
        return HttpResponse.json({
            data: {
                users: [
                    { id: "1", name: "Alice" },
                    { id: "2", name: "Bob" },
                ],
            },
        });
    }),

    graphql.mutation("CreateUser", async ({ variables }) => {
        return HttpResponse.json({
            data: {
                createUser: { id: "3", name: variables.name },
            },
        });
    }),
];

Server Setup (Node / Tests)

// src/testing/server.ts
import { setupServer } from "msw/node";
import { handlers } from "./handlers";

export const server = setupServer(...handlers);

// src/testing/setup.ts
import { server } from "./server";

beforeAll(() => server.listen({ onUnhandledRequest: "warn" }));
afterEach(() => server.resetHandlers());
afterAll(() => server.close());

server.listen() intercepts outgoing requests.
server.resetHandlers() clears per-test overrides after each test.
onUnhandledRequest: "warn" logs unhandled requests (catch missing handlers).

Browser Setup (Development)

// src/mocks/browser.ts
import { setupWorker } from "msw/browser";
import { handlers } from "../testing/handlers";

export const worker = setupWorker(...handlers);

// src/main.tsx
async function enableMocking() {
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== "development") return;

  const { worker } = await import("./mocks/browser");
  return worker.start({
    onUnhandledRequest: "bypass",
  });
}

enableMocking().then(() => {
  createRoot(document.getElementById("root")!).render(<App />);
});

This lets you develop against mocked APIs before the backend is ready.

Per-Test Overrides

Override handlers in individual tests for specific scenarios:

import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
import { server } from "../testing/server";

test("shows error when API fails", async () => {
  server.use(
    http.get("/api/users", () => {
      return HttpResponse.json(
        { message: "Internal server error" },
        { status: 500 },
      );
    }),
  );

  render(<UserList />);
  expect(await screen.findByText("Failed to load users")).toBeInTheDocument();
});

test("shows empty state when no users", async () => {
  server.use(
    http.get("/api/users", () => {
      return HttpResponse.json([]);
    }),
  );

  render(<UserList />);
  expect(await screen.findByText("No users found")).toBeInTheDocument();
});

Overrides are scoped to the test — resetHandlers() restores defaults after each test.

Network Errors

Simulate failures:

import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";

// Network error (connection refused, timeout)
http.get("/api/users", () => {
  return HttpResponse.error();
}),

// Delayed response
http.get("/api/users", async () => {
  await delay(3000);
  return HttpResponse.json([]);
}),

// Custom status codes
http.get("/api/users", () => {
  return HttpResponse.json(
    { message: "Unauthorized" },
    { status: 401, headers: { "WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer" } },
  );
}),

Response Utilities

Dynamic Responses

let users = [
    { id: "1", name: "Alice" },
    { id: "2", name: "Bob" },
];

export const handlers = [
    http.get("/api/users", () => {
        return HttpResponse.json(users);
    }),

    http.post("/api/users", async ({ request }) => {
        const body = await request.json();
        const newUser = { id: String(users.length + 1), ...body };
        users.push(newUser);
        return HttpResponse.json(newUser, { status: 201 });
    }),

    http.delete("/api/users/:id", ({ params }) => {
        users = users.filter((u) => u.id !== params.id);
        return new HttpResponse(null, { status: 204 });
    }),
];

Response Headers

http.get("/api/data", () => {
  return HttpResponse.json(data, {
    headers: {
      "X-Total-Count": "42",
      "X-Request-Id": crypto.randomUUID(),
    },
  });
}),

Cookies

http.post("/api/login", () => {
  return HttpResponse.json(
    { user: { name: "Alice" } },
    {
      headers: {
        "Set-Cookie": "session=abc123; Path=/; HttpOnly",
      },
    },
  );
}),

Request Matching

URL Parameters

http.get("/api/users/:id/posts/:postId", ({ params }) => {
  const { id, postId } = params;
  return HttpResponse.json({ userId: id, postId });
}),

Query Parameters

http.get("/api/users", ({ request }) => {
  const url = new URL(request.url);
  const page = url.searchParams.get("page") ?? "1";
  const limit = url.searchParams.get("limit") ?? "10";

  return HttpResponse.json({
    items: users.slice(0, Number(limit)),
    page: Number(page),
    total: users.length,
  });
}),

Request Body

http.post("/api/users", async ({ request }) => {
  const body = await request.json();

  if (!body.email) {
    return HttpResponse.json(
      { errors: { email: "Required" } },
      { status: 422 },
    );
  }

  return HttpResponse.json({ id: "1", ...body }, { status: 201 });
}),

Handler Composition

Organize handlers by domain:

// testing/handlers/users.ts
export const userHandlers = [
  http.get("/api/users", ...),
  http.post("/api/users", ...),
];

// testing/handlers/posts.ts
export const postHandlers = [
  http.get("/api/posts", ...),
];

// testing/handlers/index.ts
export const handlers = [
  ...userHandlers,
  ...postHandlers,
];

Storybook Integration

// .storybook/preview.ts
import { initialize, mswLoader } from "msw-storybook-addon";

initialize();

const preview: Preview = {
    loaders: [mswLoader],
};

// user-list.stories.tsx
import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";

export const Default: Story = {
    parameters: {
        msw: {
            handlers: [
                http.get("/api/users", () => {
                    return HttpResponse.json([{ id: "1", name: "Alice" }]);
                }),
            ],
        },
    },
};

export const Error: Story = {
    parameters: {
        msw: {
            handlers: [
                http.get("/api/users", () => {
                    return HttpResponse.json({ message: "Error" }, { status: 500 });
                }),
            ],
        },
    },
};

File Structure

src/
├── testing/
│   ├── handlers/
│   │   ├── users.ts
│   │   ├── posts.ts
│   │   └── index.ts
│   ├── server.ts        # Node.js server (tests)
│   └── setup.ts         # test setup
└── mocks/
    └── browser.ts       # browser worker (dev)
public/
    └── mockServiceWorker.js  # MSW service worker

Guidelines

Mock at the network boundary — MSW intercepts fetch/XMLHttpRequest, so your app code stays unchanged.
Share handlers between tests, Storybook, and dev — one source of truth.
Override per-test — use server.use() for scenario-specific responses.
Use onUnhandledRequest: "warn" in tests to catch missing handlers.
Use onUnhandledRequest: "bypass" in browser to let real requests through.
Reset after each test — always call server.resetHandlers() to prevent leaking.

msw

MSW (Mock Service Worker) Patterns

Setup

Request Handlers

REST Handlers