interface ButtonProps { /** Button content / children: ReactNode; /* Button variant style / variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary' | 'danger'; /* Size of the button / size?: 'sm' | 'md' | 'lg'; /* Whether the button is disabled / disabled?: boolean; /* Loading state / loading?: boolean; /* Click handler / onClick?: () => void; /* Additional CSS classes */ className?: string; }

export const Button: FC = memo(({ children, variant = 'primary', size = 'md', disabled = false, loading = false, onClick, className, }) => { const handleClick = useCallback(() => { if (!disabled && !loading && onClick) { onClick(); } }, [disabled, loading, onClick]);

return ( <button type="button" className={${styles.button} ${styles[variant]} ${styles[size]} ${className ?? ''}} disabled={disabled || loading} onClick={handleClick} aria-busy={loading} > {loading ? : children} ); });

Button.displayName = 'Button';


## Hooks Best Practices

### useState

```tsx
// BAD: Multiple related states
const [firstName, setFirstName] = useState('');
const [lastName, setLastName] = useState('');
const [email, setEmail] = useState('');

// GOOD: Group related state
interface FormData {
  firstName: string;
  lastName: string;
  email: string;
}

const [formData, setFormData] = useState<FormData>({
  firstName: '',
  lastName: '',
  email: '',
});

// Update single field
const updateField = (field: keyof FormData, value: string) => {
  setFormData(prev => ({ ...prev, [field]: value }));
};

useEffect

// BAD: Missing cleanup
useEffect(() => {
  const subscription = api.subscribe(handler);
  // Memory leak - no cleanup!
}, []);

// GOOD: Proper cleanup
useEffect(() => {
  const subscription = api.subscribe(handler);
  return () => subscription.unsubscribe();
}, [handler]);

// BAD: Stale closure
useEffect(() => {
  const interval = setInterval(() => {
    setCount(count + 1); // count is stale!
  }, 1000);
  return () => clearInterval(interval);
}, []); // Missing count dependency

// GOOD: Functional update
useEffect(() => {
  const interval = setInterval(() => {
    setCount(prev => prev + 1); // Always uses latest
  }, 1000);
  return () => clearInterval(interval);
}, []);

useCallback & useMemo

// useCallback - Memoize functions
const handleSubmit = useCallback(async (data: FormData) => {
  await api.submit(data);
  onSuccess();
}, [onSuccess]);

// useMemo - Memoize expensive computations
const sortedItems = useMemo(() => {
  return [...items].sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name));
}, [items]);

// useMemo - Memoize objects/arrays passed as props
const config = useMemo(() => ({
  theme: 'dark',
  locale: 'en',
}), []); // Stable reference

// DON'T over-memoize simple values
// BAD
const doubled = useMemo(() => count * 2, [count]);

// GOOD - Simple math doesn't need memoization
const doubled = count * 2;

useRef

// DOM references
const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);

const focusInput = () => {
  inputRef.current?.focus();
};

// Mutable values that don't trigger re-renders
const renderCount = useRef(0);
renderCount.current += 1;

// Previous value pattern
function usePrevious<T>(value: T): T | undefined {
  const ref = useRef<T>();
  useEffect(() => {
    ref.current = value;
  });
  return ref.current;
}

Custom Hooks

Data Fetching Hook

interface UseFetchResult<T> {
  data: T | null;
  loading: boolean;
  error: Error | null;
  refetch: () => void;
}

function useFetch<T>(url: string): UseFetchResult<T> {
  const [data, setData] = useState<T | null>(null);
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
  const [error, setError] = useState<Error | null>(null);

  const fetchData = useCallback(async () => {
    try {
      setLoading(true);
      setError(null);
      const response = await fetch(url);
      if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Fetch failed');
      const json = await response.json();
      setData(json);
    } catch (err) {
      setError(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error('Unknown error'));
    } finally {
      setLoading(false);
    }
  }, [url]);

  useEffect(() => {
    fetchData();
  }, [fetchData]);

  return { data, loading, error, refetch: fetchData };
}

Form Hook

interface UseFormOptions<T> {
  initialValues: T;
  validate?: (values: T) => Partial<Record<keyof T, string>>;
  onSubmit: (values: T) => void | Promise<void>;
}

function useForm<T extends Record<string, any>>({
  initialValues,
  validate,
  onSubmit,
}: UseFormOptions<T>) {
  const [values, setValues] = useState<T>(initialValues);
  const [errors, setErrors] = useState<Partial<Record<keyof T, string>>>({});
  const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false);

  const handleChange = useCallback((field: keyof T, value: any) => {
    setValues(prev => ({ ...prev, [field]: value }));
    // Clear error on change
    setErrors(prev => ({ ...prev, [field]: undefined }));
  }, []);

  const handleSubmit = useCallback(async (e: React.FormEvent) => {
    e.preventDefault();

    if (validate) {
      const validationErrors = validate(values);
      if (Object.keys(validationErrors).length > 0) {
        setErrors(validationErrors);
        return;
      }
    }

    setSubmitting(true);
    try {
      await onSubmit(values);
    } finally {
      setSubmitting(false);
    }
  }, [values, validate, onSubmit]);

  const reset = useCallback(() => {
    setValues(initialValues);
    setErrors({});
  }, [initialValues]);

  return { values, errors, submitting, handleChange, handleSubmit, reset };
}

Toggle Hook

function useToggle(initial = false): [boolean, () => void, () => void, () => void] {
  const [value, setValue] = useState(initial);

  const toggle = useCallback(() => setValue(v => !v), []);
  const setTrue = useCallback(() => setValue(true), []);
  const setFalse = useCallback(() => setValue(false), []);

  return [value, toggle, setTrue, setFalse];
}

// Usage
const [isOpen, toggleOpen, open, close] = useToggle(false);

Component Patterns

Compound Components

interface TabsContextValue {
  activeTab: string;
  setActiveTab: (id: string) => void;
}

const TabsContext = createContext<TabsContextValue | null>(null);

function Tabs({ children, defaultTab }: { children: ReactNode; defaultTab: string }) {
  const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState(defaultTab);

  return (
    <TabsContext.Provider value={{ activeTab, setActiveTab }}>
      <div className="tabs">{children}</div>
    </TabsContext.Provider>
  );
}

function TabList({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
  return <div role="tablist">{children}</div>;
}

function Tab({ id, children }: { id: string; children: ReactNode }) {
  const context = useContext(TabsContext);
  if (!context) throw new Error('Tab must be used within Tabs');

  return (
    <button
      role="tab"
      aria-selected={context.activeTab === id}
      onClick={() => context.setActiveTab(id)}
    >
      {children}
    </button>
  );
}

function TabPanel({ id, children }: { id: string; children: ReactNode }) {
  const context = useContext(TabsContext);
  if (!context) throw new Error('TabPanel must be used within Tabs');
  if (context.activeTab !== id) return null;

  return <div role="tabpanel">{children}</div>;
}

// Usage
<Tabs defaultTab="tab1">
  <TabList>
    <Tab id="tab1">Tab 1</Tab>
    <Tab id="tab2">Tab 2</Tab>
  </TabList>
  <TabPanel id="tab1">Content 1</TabPanel>
  <TabPanel id="tab2">Content 2</TabPanel>
</Tabs>

Render Props

interface MousePosition {
  x: number;
  y: number;
}

interface MouseTrackerProps {
  children: (position: MousePosition) => ReactNode;
}

function MouseTracker({ children }: MouseTrackerProps) {
  const [position, setPosition] = useState({ x: 0, y: 0 });

  useEffect(() => {
    const handleMove = (e: MouseEvent) => {
      setPosition({ x: e.clientX, y: e.clientY });
    };

    window.addEventListener('mousemove', handleMove);
    return () => window.removeEventListener('mousemove', handleMove);
  }, []);

  return <>{children(position)}</>;
}

// Usage
<MouseTracker>
  {({ x, y }) => <div>Mouse: {x}, {y}</div>}
</MouseTracker>

Higher-Order Components

function withLoading<P extends object>(Component: ComponentType<P>) {
  return function WithLoadingComponent({
    loading,
    ...props
  }: P & { loading: boolean }) {
    if (loading) return <Spinner />;
    return <Component {...(props as P)} />;
  };
}

// Usage
const UserListWithLoading = withLoading(UserList);
<UserListWithLoading loading={isLoading} users={users} />

Accessibility (a11y)

ARIA Attributes

// Button with loading state
<button
  aria-busy={loading}
  aria-disabled={disabled}
  aria-describedby={hasError ? 'error-message' : undefined}
>
  {loading ? 'Loading...' : 'Submit'}
</button>

// Modal dialog
<div
  role="dialog"
  aria-modal="true"
  aria-labelledby="modal-title"
  aria-describedby="modal-description"
>
  <h2 id="modal-title">Confirm Action</h2>
  <p id="modal-description">Are you sure?</p>
</div>

// Live region for dynamic content
<div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
  {message}
</div>

Keyboard Navigation

function Menu({ items }: { items: MenuItem[] }) {
  const [focusIndex, setFocusIndex] = useState(0);

  const handleKeyDown = (e: React.KeyboardEvent) => {
    switch (e.key) {
      case 'ArrowDown':
        e.preventDefault();
        setFocusIndex(i => Math.min(i + 1, items.length - 1));
        break;
      case 'ArrowUp':
        e.preventDefault();
        setFocusIndex(i => Math.max(i - 1, 0));
        break;
      case 'Home':
        e.preventDefault();
        setFocusIndex(0);
        break;
      case 'End':
        e.preventDefault();
        setFocusIndex(items.length - 1);
        break;
    }
  };

  return (
    <ul role="menu" onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}>
      {items.map((item, index) => (
        <li
          key={item.id}
          role="menuitem"
          tabIndex={index === focusIndex ? 0 : -1}
        >
          {item.label}
        </li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  );
}

Focus Management

function Modal({ isOpen, onClose, children }: ModalProps) {
  const modalRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
  const previousFocus = useRef<HTMLElement | null>(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    if (isOpen) {
      // Save current focus
      previousFocus.current = document.activeElement as HTMLElement;
      // Focus modal
      modalRef.current?.focus();
    } else {
      // Restore focus
      previousFocus.current?.focus();
    }
  }, [isOpen]);

  // Trap focus inside modal
  const handleKeyDown = (e: React.KeyboardEvent) => {
    if (e.key === 'Tab') {
      const focusableElements = modalRef.current?.querySelectorAll(
        'button, [href], input, select, textarea, [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])'
      );
      // ... trap focus logic
    }
    if (e.key === 'Escape') {
      onClose();
    }
  };

  if (!isOpen) return null;

  return (
    <div
      ref={modalRef}
      role="dialog"
      aria-modal="true"
      tabIndex={-1}
      onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
    >
      {children}
    </div>
  );
}

Testing

Component Testing

import { render, screen, fireEvent, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react';
import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';
import { Button } from './Button';

describe('Button', () => {
  it('renders children', () => {
    render(<Button>Click me</Button>);
    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /click me/i })).toBeInTheDocument();
  });

  it('calls onClick when clicked', async () => {
    const handleClick = jest.fn();
    render(<Button onClick={handleClick}>Click</Button>);

    await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button'));
    expect(handleClick).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
  });

  it('does not call onClick when disabled', async () => {
    const handleClick = jest.fn();
    render(<Button onClick={handleClick} disabled>Click</Button>);

    await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button'));
    expect(handleClick).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
  });

  it('shows loading spinner when loading', () => {
    render(<Button loading>Submit</Button>);
    expect(screen.getByRole('button')).toHaveAttribute('aria-busy', 'true');
  });
});

Hook Testing

import { renderHook, act } from '@testing-library/react';
import { useToggle } from './useToggle';

describe('useToggle', () => {
  it('initializes with default value', () => {
    const { result } = renderHook(() => useToggle(false));
    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(false);
  });

  it('toggles value', () => {
    const { result } = renderHook(() => useToggle(false));

    act(() => {
      result.current[1](); // toggle
    });

    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(true);
  });
});

Performance Optimization

Memoization

// Memoize component to prevent unnecessary re-renders
const ExpensiveList = memo(({ items }: { items: Item[] }) => {
  return (
    <ul>
      {items.map(item => (
        <li key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  );
});

// Custom comparison function
const UserCard = memo(
  ({ user }: { user: User }) => <div>{user.name}</div>,
  (prevProps, nextProps) => prevProps.user.id === nextProps.user.id
);

Code Splitting

import { lazy, Suspense } from 'react';

// Lazy load components
const Dashboard = lazy(() => import('./Dashboard'));
const Settings = lazy(() => import('./Settings'));

function App() {
  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<LoadingSpinner />}>
      <Routes>
        <Route path="/dashboard" element={<Dashboard />} />
        <Route path="/settings" element={<Settings />} />
      </Routes>
    </Suspense>
  );
}

Virtualization

import { useVirtualizer } from '@tanstack/react-virtual';

function VirtualList({ items }: { items: Item[] }) {
  const parentRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);

  const virtualizer = useVirtualizer({
    count: items.length,
    getScrollElement: () => parentRef.current,
    estimateSize: () => 50,
  });

  return (
    <div ref={parentRef} style={{ height: '400px', overflow: 'auto' }}>
      <div style={{ height: `${virtualizer.getTotalSize()}px`, position: 'relative' }}>
        {virtualizer.getVirtualItems().map(virtualItem => (
          <div
            key={virtualItem.key}
            style={{
              position: 'absolute',
              top: 0,
              left: 0,
              width: '100%',
              height: `${virtualItem.size}px`,
              transform: `translateY(${virtualItem.start}px)`,
            }}
          >
            {items[virtualItem.index].name}
          </div>
        ))}
      </div>
    </div>
  );
}

Common Mistakes

Mistake	Problem	Solution
State mutation	`state.push(item)`	`[...state, item]`
Missing key	List renders slow	Use unique `key` prop
Object in deps	Infinite loop	useMemo for objects
Missing cleanup	Memory leak	Return cleanup function
Stale closure	Wrong values	Add to dependency array
Over-rendering	Slow UI	React.memo, useMemo

react-component

React Component Development

Component Structure

Basic Component Template