机构强制力

R — 原文 (Reading)

"The tendency of managers to imitate the behavior of other managers, no matter how foolish." (1981) "The supreme irony of business management is that it is far easier for an inadequate CEO to keep his job than it is for an inadequate subordinate." (1989)

I — 方法论骨架

机构强制力 = 管理者面临的系统性非理性力量，三种表现：

1. 抗拒改正错误：已做的决定即使错了也倾向于继续
2. 盲目扩张可用资金：有现金就一定要用掉，不管回报如何
3. 模仿同行：别人做什么就跟着做，不管是否合理

驱动因素：CEO没有直接上司/董事会议气氛压制异议/投行有利益动机推动交易/"电子表格从不让人失望"

A1 — 书中的应用