pyproject.toml

[project]
name = "my-project"
version = "0.1.0"
requires-python = ">=3.13"
dependencies = ["litestar>=2.0"]

[tool.ruff]
line-length = 88
target-version = "py313"

[tool.mypy]
strict = true
python_version = "3.13"

Type Hints

from typing import TypeVar, Generic
from collections.abc import Sequence

T = TypeVar('T')

class Repository(Generic[T]):
    async def find_by_id(self, id: str) -> T | None:
        ...

    async def save(self, entity: T) -> T:
        ...

def process_items(items: Sequence[str]) -> list[str]:
    return [item.upper() for item in items]

Async Patterns

import asyncio
from collections.abc import AsyncIterator

async def fetch_all(urls: list[str]) -> list[Response]:
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        tasks = [fetch_one(session, url) for url in urls]
        return await asyncio.gather(*tasks)

async def stream_data() -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
    async with aiofiles.open('large.csv', 'rb') as f:
        async for chunk in f:
            yield chunk

Error Handling

from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import TypeVar, Generic

T = TypeVar('T')
E = TypeVar('E')

@dataclass
class Ok(Generic[T]):
    value: T

@dataclass
class Err(Generic[E]):
    error: E

Result = Ok[T] | Err[E]

def divide(a: int, b: int) -> Result[float, str]:
    if b == 0:
        return Err("Division by zero")
    return Ok(a / b)

Testing with pytest

import pytest
from unittest.mock import AsyncMock

@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_create_user():
    repo = AsyncMock()
    service = UserService(repo)

    user = await service.create("test@example.com")

    assert user.email == "test@example.com"
    repo.save.assert_called_once()

@pytest.fixture
def mock_database():
    with patch('app.database') as mock:
        yield mock

Tooling

# Ruff (linting + formatting)
ruff check --fix .
ruff format .

# MyPy (type checking)
mypy --strict .

# pytest
pytest -v --cov=src

python

Python Development

Project Setup