LLM agent / tool abuse (excessive agency)

When it applies

The target isn't just a chatbot — it can act: call functions, browse, run code, query databases, send email, hit internal APIs, or chain MCP tools. Impact jumps from "bad text" to real actions taken with the agent's privileges.

Why it works

The model decides which tool to call and with what arguments, driven by text it can't fully trust (user input or fetched content). If tools are over-permissioned or arguments aren't validated, attacker text steers real actions — the classic "confused deputy".