docker
Docker
Overview
Docker packages applications into isolated containers that run consistently across environments. A Dockerfile defines the image build steps, Compose orchestrates multi-container services, and production patterns ensure small, secure, performant images.
When to use: Containerizing applications, creating reproducible dev environments, orchestrating multi-service stacks, deploying to container platforms (ECS, Kubernetes, Fly.io, Railway, Coolify).
When NOT to use: Simple static sites with no backend (use CDN deploy), single-binary CLI tools (distribute the binary), or when the target platform has native buildpacks (Heroku, Vercel) and you don't need container control.
Quick Reference
| Pattern | Approach | Key Points |
|---|---|---|
| Multi-stage build | Separate builder and production stages |
80%+ image size reduction, no dev deps in production |
| Layer caching | Copy lockfile first, install, then copy source | Dependency layer cached across builds |
| Non-root user | RUN adduser + USER in final stage |
Never run production containers as root |
| Health check | HEALTHCHECK CMD curl or node/python check |
Enables orchestrator restart on failure |
.dockerignore |
Exclude node_modules, .git, .env |
Smaller build context, faster builds |
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