Frontend

Loading States

• Skeleton screens for content with known layout—less jarring than spinners
• Spinners for unknown-duration actions—but show within 100ms
• Never blank screens during load—always visual feedback
• Progressive disclosure: show content as it arrives—header first, then body

Empty States

• Empty screens always have a call to action—not just "No items"
• Illustration or icon + explanation + action button—guide user forward
• First-time empty vs cleared empty may differ—onboarding opportunity

Error Recovery

• Every error screen has a recovery path—Retry, Go Back, Contact Support
• Preserve user input on form failure—never lose their work
• Offline mode degrades gracefully—show cached content, queue actions
• Toast/snackbar for transient errors—inline for persistent ones