// Switch expressions String result = switch (status) { case ACTIVE -> "Active"; case INACTIVE -> "Inactive"; default -> "Unknown"; };

// Text blocks String json = """ { "name": "John", "age": 30 } """;


## Collections & Streams

```java
// Stream operations
List<String> names = users.stream()
    .filter(u -> u.isActive())
    .map(User::getName)
    .sorted()
    .collect(Collectors.toList());

// Grouping
Map<Status, List<User>> byStatus = users.stream()
    .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(User::getStatus));

// Optional handling
Optional<User> user = findById(id);
String name = user.map(User::getName).orElse("Unknown");

Common Patterns

// Builder pattern
User user = User.builder()
    .name("John")
    .email("john@example.com")
    .build();

// Factory method
public static User of(String name, String email) {
    return new User(null, name, email);
}

// Dependency Injection (constructor)
@Service
public class UserService {
    private final UserRepository repository;

    public UserService(UserRepository repository) {
        this.repository = repository;
    }
}

Exception Handling

// Custom exception
public class UserNotFoundException extends RuntimeException {
    public UserNotFoundException(Long id) {
        super("User not found: " + id);
    }
}

// Try-with-resources
try (var reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file))) {
    return reader.lines().collect(Collectors.toList());
}

Static Analysis & Linting

Official Rules References

Tool	Rules Count	Documentation
SonarJava	733	https://rules.sonarsource.com/java/
Checkstyle	200+	https://checkstyle.org/checks.html
PMD	400+	https://pmd.github.io/latest/pmd_rules_java.html
SpotBugs	400+	https://spotbugs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/bugDescriptions.html

Style Guides

Guide	Link
Google Java Style	https://google.github.io/styleguide/javaguide.html
Oracle Code Conventions	https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/codeconventions-contents.html

Key Rules Categories

<!-- pom.xml - Maven Checkstyle Plugin -->
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-checkstyle-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.3.1</version>
    <configuration>
        <configLocation>google_checks.xml</configLocation>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

Critical Rules to Enable

Category	Rule	Tool
Bug	NullPointerException risks	SonarJava S2259
Bug	Resource leaks	SonarJava S2095
Security	SQL Injection	SonarJava S3649
Security	Hardcoded credentials	SonarJava S2068
Maintainability	Cognitive complexity	SonarJava S3776
Maintainability	Too many parameters	Checkstyle

Production Readiness

Error Handling

// Custom exception hierarchy
public abstract class BaseException extends RuntimeException {
    private final String errorCode;
    private final int httpStatus;

    protected BaseException(String message, String errorCode, int httpStatus) {
        super(message);
        this.errorCode = errorCode;
        this.httpStatus = httpStatus;
    }

    public String getErrorCode() { return errorCode; }
    public int getHttpStatus() { return httpStatus; }
}

public class EntityNotFoundException extends BaseException {
    public EntityNotFoundException(String entity, Object id) {
        super(
            String.format("%s not found with id: %s", entity, id),
            "NOT_FOUND",
            404
        );
    }
}

// Global exception handler
@RestControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GlobalExceptionHandler.class);

    @ExceptionHandler(BaseException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleBaseException(BaseException ex) {
        log.warn("Business error: {}", ex.getMessage());
        return ResponseEntity
            .status(ex.getHttpStatus())
            .body(new ErrorResponse(ex.getErrorCode(), ex.getMessage()));
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleUnexpected(Exception ex) {
        log.error("Unexpected error", ex);
        return ResponseEntity
            .status(500)
            .body(new ErrorResponse("INTERNAL_ERROR", "An unexpected error occurred"));
    }
}

Null Safety

// Use Optional properly
public Optional<User> findById(Long id) {
    return repository.findById(id);
}

// Never return null from Optional
public User getById(Long id) {
    return findById(id)
        .orElseThrow(() -> new EntityNotFoundException("User", id));
}

// Use @Nullable and @NonNull annotations
import org.springframework.lang.NonNull;
import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;

public User updateUser(@NonNull Long id, @Nullable String email) {
    User user = getById(id);
    if (email != null) {
        user.setEmail(email);
    }
    return repository.save(user);
}

// Validation
import jakarta.validation.constraints.*;

public record CreateUserRequest(
    @NotBlank @Size(min = 2, max = 100) String name,
    @NotBlank @Email String email,
    @NotNull @Min(0) Integer age
) {}

Logging

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.slf4j.MDC;

@Service
public class UserService {
    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserService.class);

    public User createUser(CreateUserRequest request) {
        MDC.put("operation", "createUser");
        MDC.put("email", request.email());

        log.info("Creating user");

        try {
            User user = userRepository.save(User.from(request));
            log.info("User created successfully: {}", user.getId());
            return user;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("Failed to create user", e);
            throw e;
        } finally {
            MDC.clear();
        }
    }
}

Testing

// Unit test with Mockito
@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class UserServiceTest {
    @Mock
    private UserRepository repository;

    @InjectMocks
    private UserService service;

    @Test
    void shouldCreateUser() {
        // Given
        var request = new CreateUserRequest("John", "john@example.com", 30);
        var expected = new User(1L, "John", "john@example.com", 30);
        when(repository.save(any())).thenReturn(expected);

        // When
        var result = service.createUser(request);

        // Then
        assertThat(result).isEqualTo(expected);
        verify(repository).save(any());
    }

    @Test
    void shouldThrowWhenUserNotFound() {
        // Given
        when(repository.findById(1L)).thenReturn(Optional.empty());

        // When/Then
        assertThatThrownBy(() -> service.getById(1L))
            .isInstanceOf(EntityNotFoundException.class)
            .hasMessageContaining("User not found");
    }
}

// Integration test
@SpringBootTest
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
@Testcontainers
class UserControllerIT {
    @Container
    static PostgreSQLContainer<?> postgres = new PostgreSQLContainer<>("postgres:16-alpine");

    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @Test
    void shouldCreateUser() throws Exception {
        mockMvc.perform(post("/api/users")
                .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
                .content("""
                    {"name": "John", "email": "john@example.com", "age": 30}
                    """))
            .andExpect(status().isCreated())
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.id").exists());
    }
}

Performance

// Connection pooling (HikariCP)
// application.yml
spring:
  datasource:
    hikari:
      maximum-pool-size: 10
      minimum-idle: 5
      connection-timeout: 30000
      idle-timeout: 600000

// Caching
@Cacheable(value = "users", key = "#id")
public User findById(Long id) {
    return repository.findById(id).orElseThrow();
}

@CacheEvict(value = "users", key = "#user.id")
public User save(User user) {
    return repository.save(user);
}

Monitoring Metrics

Metric	Target
Test coverage	> 80%
Cyclomatic complexity	< 10
SonarQube bugs	0
Security vulnerabilities	0

Checklist

When NOT to Use This Skill

Scenario	Use Instead
Spring Boot framework	`backend-spring-boot` skill
Lombok annotations	`lombok` skill
MapStruct mapping	`mapstruct` skill
JPA/Hibernate	ORM-specific skills
Testing with JUnit	`testing-junit` skill

Anti-Patterns

Anti-Pattern	Why It's Bad	Correct Approach
Returning null	NullPointerException	Use Optional
Catching generic Exception	Hides specific errors	Catch specific exceptions
Not closing resources	Resource leaks	Use try-with-resources
Mutable static fields	Thread-safety issues	Use immutable or synchronized
String concatenation in loops	O(n²) performance	Use StringBuilder
Empty catch blocks	Silent failures	Log or rethrow
Using `==` for strings	Compares references	Use .equals()
Not overriding equals/hashCode	Broken collections	Override both or neither

Quick Troubleshooting

Issue	Cause	Solution
NullPointerException	Accessing null reference	Check for null, use Optional
ClassCastException	Wrong type cast	Use instanceof before casting
ConcurrentModificationException	Modifying while iterating	Use Iterator.remove()
OutOfMemoryError	Heap exhausted	Increase heap, fix memory leaks
StackOverflowError	Infinite recursion	Add base case, use iteration
"Cannot find symbol"	Compilation error	Check imports, spelling
Deadlock	Circular lock dependency	Use consistent lock ordering
Resource leak	Not closing streams	Use try-with-resources

java

Java Core Knowledge

Modern Java Features (17+)