IDENTITY:

Strong authentication (MFA)
Identity governance
Privileged access management
Continuous validation

DEVICES:

Device health verification
Endpoint detection and response
Mobile device management
Asset inventory

NETWORK:

Micro-segmentation
Software-defined perimeter
Encrypted communications
Network access control

APPLICATIONS:

Application-level authentication
API security
Web application firewall
Secure coding practices

DATA:

Data classification
Encryption at rest and in transit
Data loss prevention
Access controls


### Defense in Depth

SECURITY LAYERS:

PHYSICAL:

Data center security
Badge access
Surveillance
Environmental controls

PERIMETER:

Firewalls
IDS/IPS
DMZ
VPN

NETWORK:

Segmentation
Encryption
Network monitoring
NAC

HOST:

Endpoint protection
Host-based firewall
Hardening
Patch management

APPLICATION:

WAF
Secure coding
Input validation
Authentication

DATA:

Encryption
DLP
Access controls
Backup/recovery


### Cloud Security

| Domain         | Controls                            |
| -------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| **Identity**   | SSO, MFA, PAM, IAM policies         |
| **Compute**    | Hardened images, container security |
| **Network**    | VPC, security groups, WAF           |
| **Storage**    | Encryption, access policies, backup |
| **Logging**    | CloudTrail, SIEM integration        |
| **Compliance** | Config rules, automated remediation |

For detailed security frameworks (NIST, ISO 27001, CIS Controls, MITRE ATT&CK), see [Security Frameworks Reference](references/security-frameworks.md).

## Vulnerability Management

### Vulnerability Management Process

LIFECYCLE:

DISCOVERY
- Asset inventory
- Vulnerability scanning
- Penetration testing
- Code analysis
PRIORITIZATION
- CVSS scoring
- Asset criticality
- Exploit availability
- Business context
REMEDIATION
- Patch management
- Configuration changes
- Compensating controls
- Risk acceptance
VERIFICATION
- Rescan
- Validation testing
- Documentation
- Reporting
REPORTING
- Executive dashboards
- Trend analysis
- Compliance reporting
- SLA tracking


### CVSS Scoring

| Score    | Severity | SLA Target  |
| -------- | -------- | ----------- |
| 9.0-10.0 | Critical | 7 days      |
| 7.0-8.9  | High     | 30 days     |
| 4.0-6.9  | Medium   | 90 days     |
| 0.1-3.9  | Low      | Best effort |

### Patch Management

PATCH PROCESS:

IDENTIFICATION
- Vendor announcements
- Vulnerability feeds
- Security bulletins
ASSESSMENT
- Applicability
- Risk evaluation
- Test requirements
TESTING
- Lab validation
- Compatibility testing
- Rollback planning
DEPLOYMENT
- Pilot group
- Phased rollout
- Monitoring
VERIFICATION
- Confirm installation
- Functional testing
- Documentation


## Identity & Access Management

### IAM Framework

IAM COMPONENTS:

IDENTITY LIFECYCLE:

Provisioning
Modification
De-provisioning
Certification

AUTHENTICATION:

Password policies
Multi-factor authentication
Single sign-on
Passwordless

AUTHORIZATION:

Role-based access (RBAC)
Attribute-based access (ABAC)
Least privilege
Separation of duties

GOVERNANCE:

Access reviews
Policy enforcement
Audit logging
Compliance reporting


### Privileged Access Management

PAM CONTROLS:

VAULT:

Credential storage
Password rotation
Secrets management

SESSION:

Session recording
Just-in-time access
Time-limited credentials

MONITORING:

Activity logging
Behavioral analytics
Alert on anomalies

GOVERNANCE:

Access certification
Policy enforcement
Compliance reporting


## Security Awareness

### Security Training Program

| Topic                   | Frequency  | Audience         |
| ----------------------- | ---------- | ---------------- |
| **New Hire Security**   | Onboarding | All employees    |
| **Annual Refresh**      | Annually   | All employees    |
| **Phishing Awareness**  | Quarterly  | All employees    |
| **Developer Security**  | Annually   | Development team |
| **Executive Briefings** | Quarterly  | Leadership       |
| **Role-Based**          | As needed  | Specific roles   |

### Phishing Simulation

SIMULATION PROGRAM:

FREQUENCY: Monthly

DIFFICULTY LEVELS:

Easy: Generic, obvious errors
Medium: Branded, some personalization
Hard: Targeted, well-crafted

METRICS:

Click rate
Report rate
Training completion
Trend over time

RESPONSE:

Click → Immediate training
Report → Positive reinforcement
Repeat offenders → Additional training


## Security Metrics

### Key Security Metrics

| Category          | Metric                       | Target    |
| ----------------- | ---------------------------- | --------- |
| **Vulnerability** | Critical vulns open >30 days | 0         |
| **Patching**      | Systems patched within SLA   | 95%+      |
| **Incidents**     | Mean time to detect          | <24 hours |
| **Access**        | Orphan accounts              | 0         |
| **Training**      | Completion rate              | 95%+      |
| **Phishing**      | Click rate                   | <5%       |

### Security Dashboard

EXECUTIVE DASHBOARD:

RISK POSTURE:

Overall risk score
Risk trend
Top risks

COMPLIANCE:

Framework coverage
Audit findings
Remediation status

OPERATIONS:

Incident summary
Vulnerability status
Patching compliance

INVESTMENT:

Budget utilization
Tool effectiveness
Headcount


## Threat Intelligence

### Threat Intelligence Sources

| Type            | Sources                        | Use                 |
| --------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------- |
| **Strategic**   | Industry reports, geopolitical | Executive briefings |
| **Tactical**    | TTPs, malware analysis         | Detection rules     |
| **Operational** | IOCs, campaigns                | Active response     |
| **Technical**   | Signatures, hashes             | Automated blocking  |

For detailed incident response processes and SOC operations, see [Incident Response Reference](references/incident-response.md).

## References

- [Security Frameworks Reference](references/security-frameworks.md) - NIST, ISO 27001, CIS Controls, MITRE ATT&CK
- [Incident Response Reference](references/incident-response.md) - IR process, severity levels, SOC operations

## See Also

- [Fortune 50 Risk Management](../fortune50-risk-management/SKILL.md)
- [Fortune 50 Legal/Compliance](../fortune50-legal-compliance/SKILL.md)
- [Fortune 50 Operations](../fortune50-operations/SKILL.md)

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