Android Gradle Troubleshooting Guide

This skill provides solutions for common build errors encountered in Android projects using Gradle.

1. Duplicate Files Conflict (Packaging Options)

Error Pattern:

• More than one file was found with OS independent path 'META-INF/...'
• 2 files found with path 'META-INF/versions/9/OSGI-INF/MANIFEST.MF'

Cause: Multiple dependencies include the same file (often license files, generic manifests, or module metadata) in their JARs/AARs. Gradle doesn't know which one to include in the final APK.

Solution: Configure the packaging block in your module's build.gradle.kts (usually app/build.gradle.kts) to exclude, pick first, or merge the conflicting files.