Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: BioPython 1.83+, numpy 1.26+

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:

• Python: pip show <package> then help(module.function) to check signatures

If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.

MSA Statistics

Calculate sequence identity, conservation scores, substitution counts, and other alignment metrics.

Required Import

Goal: Load modules for alignment I/O, substitution scoring, and statistical calculations.

Approach: Import AlignIO for reading alignments, Counter for column analysis, numpy for matrix operations, and math for entropy calculations.