Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: matplotlib 3.8+, numpy 1.26+, pandas 2.2+

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:

• Python: pip show <package> then help(module.function) to check signatures
• CLI: <tool> --version then <tool> --help to confirm flags

If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.

Population Structure

"Analyze population structure in my genotype data" → Detect population stratification using PCA of genotypes and estimate ancestry proportions with ADMIXTURE modeling.

• CLI: plink2 --pca 20 for principal component analysis
• CLI: admixture genotypes.bed K for admixture proportions

Analyze genetic ancestry and population stratification using PCA and ADMIXTURE.