Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: bcftools 1.19+, matplotlib 3.8+, numpy 1.26+

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:

• Python: pip show <package> then help(module.function) to check signatures
• CLI: <tool> --version then <tool> --help to confirm flags

If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.

scikit-allel Analysis

"Analyze population genetics in Python" → Read VCF files into efficient array structures, compute allele frequencies, diversity statistics, PCA, and selection scans using scikit-allel.

• Python: allel.read_vcf(), allel.GenotypeArray(), allel.mean_pairwise_difference()

Python library for population genetics analysis with efficient array data structures.

Installation