export class Config extends Context.Tag("Config")<
  Config,
  {
    readonly getConfig: Effect.Effect<ConfigData>
  }
>() {}

// Layer<Config, never, never>
//         ▲      ▲      ▲
//         │      │      └─ No dependencies
//         │      └─ Cannot fail
//         └─ Produces Config
export const ConfigLive = Layer.succeed(
  Config,
  Config.of({
    getConfig: Effect.succeed({
      logLevel: "INFO",
      connection: "mysql://localhost/db"
    })
  })
)

Pattern: Layer with Dependencies

export class Logger extends Context.Tag("Logger")<
  Logger,
  { readonly log: (message: string) => Effect.Effect<void> }
>() {}

// Layer<Logger, never, Config>
//         ▲      ▲      ▲
//         │      │      └─ Needs Config
//         │      └─ Cannot fail
//         └─ Produces Logger
export const LoggerLive = Layer.effect(
  Logger,
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    const config = yield* Config  // Access dependency
    return Logger.of({
      log: (message) =>
        Effect.gen(function* () {
          const { logLevel } = yield* config.getConfig
          console.log(`[${logLevel}] ${message}`)
        })
    })
  })
)

Pattern: Layer with Resource Management

Use Layer.scoped for resources that need cleanup:

// Layer<Database, DatabaseError, Config>
export const DatabaseLive = Layer.scoped(
  Database,
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    const config = yield* Config

    // Acquire resource with automatic release
    const connection = yield* Effect.acquireRelease(
      connectToDatabase(config),
      (conn) => Effect.sync(() => conn.close())  // Cleanup
    )

    return Database.of({
      query: (sql) => executeQuery(connection, sql)
    })
  })
)

Composing Layers: Merge vs Provide

Merge (Parallel Composition)

Combine independent layers:

// Layer<Config | Logger, never, Config>
//         ▲               ▲      ▲
//         │               │      └─ LoggerLive needs Config
//         │               └─ No errors
//         └─ Produces both Config and Logger
const AppConfigLive = Layer.merge(ConfigLive, LoggerLive)

Result combines:

Requirements: Union (never | Config = Config)
Outputs: Union (Config | Logger)

Provide (Sequential Composition)

Chain dependent layers:

// Layer<Logger, never, never>
//         ▲      ▲      ▲
//         │      │      └─ ConfigLive satisfies LoggerLive's requirement
//         │      └─ No errors
//         └─ Only Logger in output
const FullLoggerLive = Layer.provide(LoggerLive, ConfigLive)

Result:

Requirements: Outer layer's requirements (never)
Output: Inner layer's output (Logger)

Pattern: Layered Architecture

Build applications in layers:

// Infrastructure: No dependencies
const InfrastructureLive = Layer.mergeAll(
  ConfigLive,          // Layer<Config, never, never>
  DatabaseLive,        // Layer<Database, never, Config>
  CacheLive            // Layer<Cache, never, Config>
).pipe(
  Layer.provide(ConfigLive)  // Satisfy Config requirement
)

// Domain: Depends on infrastructure
const DomainLive = Layer.mergeAll(
  PaymentDomainLive,   // Layer<PaymentDomain, never, Database>
  OrderDomainLive,     // Layer<OrderDomain, never, Database>
).pipe(
  Layer.provide(InfrastructureLive)
)

// Application: Depends on domain
const ApplicationLive = Layer.mergeAll(
  PaymentGatewayLive,
  NotificationServiceLive
).pipe(
  Layer.provide(DomainLive)
)

Pattern: Multiple Implementations

Switch implementations for different environments:

// Production
export const DatabaseLive = Layer.scoped(
  Database,
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    const connection = yield* connectToProduction()
    return createDatabaseService(connection)
  })
)

// Test
export const DatabaseTest = Layer.succeed(
  Database,
  Database.of({
    query: () => Effect.succeed({ rows: [] })
  })
)

// Use in application
const program = myProgram.pipe(
  Effect.provide(process.env.NODE_ENV === "test" ? DatabaseTest : DatabaseLive)
)

Pattern: Layer Sharing

Layers are memoized - same instance shared across program:

// Config is constructed once and shared
const program = Effect.all([
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    const config = yield* Config
    // Uses shared instance
  }),
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    const config = yield* Config
    // Same instance
  })
]).pipe(Effect.provide(ConfigLive))

Error Handling in Layers

Handle construction errors:

export const DatabaseLive = Layer.effect(
  Database,
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    const connection = yield* connectToDatabase().pipe(
      Effect.catchTag("ConnectionError", (error) =>
        Effect.fail(new DatabaseConstructionError({ cause: error }))
      )
    )
    return createDatabaseService(connection)
  })
)

Naming Convention

*Live - Production implementation
*Test - Test implementation
*Mock - Mock for testing
Descriptive names for specialized implementations

Quality Checklist

Layer type accurately reflects dependencies
Resource cleanup using acquireRelease if needed
Layer can be tested with mock dependencies
No dependency leakage into service interface
Appropriate use of merge vs provide
Error handling for construction failures
JSDoc with example usage

Layers should make dependency management explicit while keeping service interfaces clean and focused.

layer-design

Layer Design Skill

Layer Structure

Pattern: Simple Layer (No Dependencies)