`PtySystem` (trait)

Factory for creating PTY pairs. Get the native implementation with:

use portable_pty::native_pty_system;
let pty_system = native_pty_system();

`PtyPair` (struct)

Contains the master and slave ends of a PTY:

struct PtyPair {
    pub master: Box<dyn MasterPty + Send>,
    pub slave: Box<dyn SlavePty + Send>,
}

`MasterPty` (trait)

The control end of the PTY. Key methods:

resize(PtySize) - Notify kernel of size change (sends SIGWINCH)
get_size() - Query current PTY size
try_clone_reader() - Get readable handle for child output
take_writer() - Get writable handle for child input (call once!)
process_group_leader() - Get PID of session leader
as_raw_fd() - Get underlying file descriptor (Unix)

`SlavePty` (trait)

The process end of the PTY:

spawn_command(CommandBuilder) - Spawn a process into the PTY

`Child` (trait)

Handle to spawned process:

try_wait() - Non-blocking check if process exited
wait() - Block until process exits
kill() - Terminate the process (SIGKILL on Unix)
process_id() - Get the PID

`PtySize` (struct)

Terminal dimensions:

PtySize {
    rows: u16,        // Number of text lines
    cols: u16,        // Number of text columns
    pixel_width: u16, // Width in pixels (optional, often 0)
    pixel_height: u16 // Height in pixels (optional, often 0)
}

`CommandBuilder` (struct)

Build commands to spawn. Similar to std::process::Command:

let mut cmd = CommandBuilder::new("bash");
cmd.arg("-c");
cmd.arg("echo hello");
cmd.env("TERM", "xterm-256color");
cmd.cwd("/home/user");

Usage in script-kit-gpui

The PtyManager in src/terminal/pty.rs wraps portable-pty:

pub struct PtyManager {
    master: Box<dyn MasterPty + Send>,
    child: Box<dyn Child + Send + Sync>,
    reader: Option<Box<dyn Read + Send>>,
    writer: Box<dyn Write + Send>,
    size: PtySize,
}

Key patterns used:

Shell detection: Uses $SHELL on Unix, COMSPEC on Windows
Environment setup: Sets TERM=xterm-256color, COLORTERM=truecolor
Reader separation: take_reader() allows moving reader to background thread
Graceful cleanup: Drop impl kills child if still running

Process Spawning

Basic shell spawn

use portable_pty::{native_pty_system, CommandBuilder, PtySize, PtySystem};

let pty_system = native_pty_system();

let size = PtySize {
    rows: 24,
    cols: 80,
    pixel_width: 0,
    pixel_height: 0,
};

let pair = pty_system.openpty(size)?;

let mut cmd = CommandBuilder::new("bash");
cmd.env("TERM", "xterm-256color");

let child = pair.slave.spawn_command(cmd)?;

With environment and working directory

let mut cmd = CommandBuilder::new("/bin/zsh");
cmd.args(&["-l"]); // Login shell
cmd.env("TERM", "xterm-256color");
cmd.env("COLORTERM", "truecolor");
cmd.cwd("/home/user/projects");

// Inherit specific env vars
if let Ok(path) = std::env::var("PATH") {
    cmd.env("PATH", path);
}

I/O Handling

Reading output (blocking)

let mut reader = pair.master.try_clone_reader()?;
let mut buf = [0u8; 4096];

loop {
    match reader.read(&mut buf) {
        Ok(0) => break, // EOF
        Ok(n) => {
            let output = &buf[..n];
            // Process output bytes (may be partial UTF-8!)
        }
        Err(e) => break,
    }
}

Writing input

let mut writer = pair.master.take_writer()?;

// Write command with carriage return
writeln!(writer, "ls -la\r")?;
writer.flush()?;

// Or raw bytes
writer.write_all(b"exit\r\n")?;

Non-blocking I/O pattern

Move reader to background thread:

let reader = pty_manager.take_reader().unwrap();

std::thread::spawn(move || {
    let mut buf = [0u8; 4096];
    loop {
        match reader.read(&mut buf) {
            Ok(0) => break,
            Ok(n) => {
                // Send to channel or process
            }
            Err(_) => break,
        }
    }
});

Resize Handling

Resize triggers SIGWINCH to child process:

let new_size = PtySize {
    rows: 40,
    cols: 120,
    pixel_width: 0,
    pixel_height: 0,
};

pair.master.resize(new_size)?;

script-kit-gpui pattern:

impl PtyManager {
    pub fn resize(&mut self, cols: u16, rows: u16) -> Result<()> {
        let new_size = PtySize {
            rows, cols,
            pixel_width: 0,
            pixel_height: 0,
        };
        self.master.resize(new_size)?;
        self.size = new_size;
        Ok(())
    }
}

Process Lifecycle

Check if running

match child.try_wait()? {
    Some(status) => println!("Exited: {:?}", status),
    None => println!("Still running"),
}

Wait for exit

let status = child.wait()?; // Blocks
if status.success() {
    println!("Process succeeded");
}

Kill process

child.kill()?; // Sends SIGKILL on Unix

Anti-patterns

Taking writer multiple times

// WRONG - will panic or error
let writer1 = pair.master.take_writer()?;
let writer2 = pair.master.take_writer()?; // Error!

Forgetting carriage return

// WRONG - no line terminator
writer.write_all(b"ls")?;

// CORRECT - include CR or CRLF
writer.write_all(b"ls\r")?;
// or
writer.write_all(b"ls\r\n")?;

Not setting TERM

// WRONG - many programs won't work correctly
let cmd = CommandBuilder::new("vim");

// CORRECT
let mut cmd = CommandBuilder::new("vim");
cmd.env("TERM", "xterm-256color");

Blocking main thread on read

// WRONG - blocks UI thread
let mut buf = [0u8; 4096];
reader.read(&mut buf)?; // Blocks!

// CORRECT - read in background thread
std::thread::spawn(move || {
    // reading here
});

Not handling partial UTF-8

// WRONG - may panic on invalid UTF-8
let output = String::from_utf8(buf.to_vec()).unwrap();

// CORRECT - handle lossy conversion
let output = String::from_utf8_lossy(&buf[..n]);

Forgetting cleanup

// WRONG - child may become zombie
drop(pty_manager);

// CORRECT - kill before drop (script-kit-gpui pattern)
impl Drop for PtyManager {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.is_running() {
            let _ = self.kill();
        }
    }
}

Error Handling

All operations return anyhow::Result. Common errors:

PTY creation: Resource exhaustion, permission denied
Spawn: Command not found, permission denied
Resize: Invalid dimensions, PTY closed
I/O: Broken pipe (child exited), would block

Thread Safety

MasterPty is Send but not Sync
Reader and writer can be used from different threads if separated
Child is Send + Sync
Use channels to coordinate between reader thread and main thread

References

docs.rs/portable-pty
GitHub: wezterm/wezterm (portable-pty is part of WezTerm)
script-kit-gpui: src/terminal/pty.rs

PtySystem (trait)

PtyPair (struct)

MasterPty (trait)

SlavePty (trait)

Child (trait)

PtySize (struct)

CommandBuilder (struct)

Platform	Implementation
macOS	Native PTY via `/dev/ptmx`
Linux	Native PTY via `/dev/ptmx` or `/dev/pts`
Windows	ConPTY (Windows 10 1809+)

portable-pty

portable-pty

Platform Support

Key Types