Navigation & Analysis

Command	Description
`aaa`	Analyze all (functions, refs, calls)
`afl`	List all functions
`s addr`	Seek to address
`s main`	Seek to main function
`pdf`	Print disassembly of current function
`pd 20`	Print 20 instructions

Information Gathering

Command	Description
`i`	File info
`ie`	Entrypoints
`iS`	Sections
`ii`	Imports
`iE`	Exports
`iz`	Strings in data sections
`izz`	All strings in binary

Cross-References

Command	Description
`axt addr`	Find xrefs to address
`axf addr`	Find xrefs from address
`afx`	Xrefs in current function

Visual Modes

Command	Description
`V`	Visual mode
`VV`	Graph mode
`v`	Visual panels

Debugging

Command	Description
`db addr`	Set breakpoint
`dc`	Continue execution
`ds`	Step instruction
`dso`	Step over
`dr`	Show registers
`dm`	Memory maps

Searching

Command	Description
`/x 9090`	Search hex bytes
`/ string`	Search string
`/R pattern`	Search ROP gadgets
`/c opcode`	Search assembly pattern

Writing & Patching

Command	Description
`wa nop`	Write assembly at current position
`wx 90`	Write hex bytes
`wao nop`	Write opcode (replaces instruction)

Common Workflows

Analyze Unknown Binary

r2 -A binary
> i           # Basic info
> iS          # Check sections
> afl         # List functions
> s main      # Go to main
> pdf         # Disassemble

Find Interesting Strings

r2 binary
> izz~password    # Search for "password" in strings
> izz~flag        # Search for "flag"
> axt @@ str.*    # Find xrefs to all strings

Trace Function Calls

r2 -A binary
> afl~sym.        # List imported functions
> axt sym.strcmp  # Find where strcmp is called
> s [address]
> pdf

Patch Binary

r2 -w binary
> s 0x401000      # Seek to instruction
> pd 1            # View current instruction
> wa jmp 0x401050 # Patch with jump
> wao nop         # Or NOP it out

Debug Session

r2 -d binary
> aaa
> db main         # Break at main
> dc              # Run
> dr              # View registers
> ds              # Step
> px 32 @ rsp     # View stack

Persistent Sessions (Large Binaries)

For large binaries, avoid re-analyzing on every command. Use one of these approaches:

Option 1: r2 HTTP Server

Start r2 with HTTP server, then send commands via curl:

# Terminal 1: Start server (keeps session alive)
r2 -q -c 'aaa; =h 9090' binary

# Terminal 2+: Send commands without re-analyzing
curl -s "http://localhost:9090/cmd/afl"
curl -s "http://localhost:9090/cmd/pdf%20@%20main"
curl -s "http://localhost:9090/cmd/axt%200x401000"

Option 2: r2pipe with Persistent Process

import r2pipe
r2 = r2pipe.open("binary")
r2.cmd("aaa")  # Analyze once
# Now run many commands on same session
print(r2.cmd("afl"))
print(r2.cmd("pdf @ main"))
print(r2.cmd("izz~flag"))
# Session stays open until:
r2.quit()

Option 3: Projects (Save/Restore Analysis)

r2 binary
> aaa              # Analyze (slow)
> Ps myproject     # Save project
> q

# Later, restore instantly:
r2 -p myproject binary
> afl              # No re-analysis needed

Option 4: Named Pipe

# Create pipe and start r2
mkfifo /tmp/r2pipe
r2 -q -i /tmp/r2pipe binary &

# Send commands
echo "aaa" > /tmp/r2pipe
echo "afl" > /tmp/r2pipe

Large Binary Tips

Use aa instead of aaa for faster initial analysis
Limit analysis depth: e anal.depth=5
Analyze only specific functions: af @ 0x401000
Skip analysis entirely: r2 -n binary then analyze on-demand
Use rabin2 for quick info without loading into r2

Non-Interactive Analysis

For one-off commands, use r2 with -q (quiet) and -c:

# List all functions
r2 -q -c 'aaa; afl' binary

# Disassemble main
r2 -q -c 'aaa; s main; pdf' binary

# Get strings containing "flag"
r2 -q -c 'izz~flag' binary

# Get imports
r2 -q -c 'ii' binary

# Analyze and output JSON
r2 -q -c 'aaa; aflj' binary | jq .

Companion Tools

rabin2 - Binary Info

rabin2 -I binary    # File info
rabin2 -z binary    # Strings
rabin2 -i binary    # Imports
rabin2 -e binary    # Entrypoints
rabin2 -S binary    # Sections

rasm2 - Assembler/Disassembler

rasm2 -a x86 -b 64 'nop'           # Assemble
rasm2 -a x86 -b 64 -d '90'         # Disassemble
rasm2 -a arm -b 32 'mov r0, 1'     # ARM assembly

rahash2 - Hashing

rahash2 -a md5 binary
rahash2 -a sha256 binary
rahash2 -a all binary

rafind2 - Pattern Search

rafind2 -x 4141 binary    # Find hex pattern
rafind2 -s "flag" binary  # Find string

Architecture-Specific Notes

x86/x64

Use e asm.syntax=att for AT&T syntax
Common calling conventions: cdecl, fastcall, System V AMD64

ARM

e asm.arch=arm and e asm.bits=32 or 64
Check for Thumb mode with e asm.bits=16

MIPS

e asm.arch=mips
Big/little endian: e cfg.bigendian=true/false

Tips

Use ? after any command for help: pd?, a?, s?
Append j for JSON output: aflj, ij, izj
Append q for quiet output: aflq
Use @@ for iteration: pdf @@ fcn.*
Use ~ for grep: afl~main
Use ~: for column selection: afl~:0
Save project with Ps name and load with Po name

See references/REFERENCE.md for advanced usage.

radare2

Radare2 Reverse Engineering

Quick Start

Essential Commands