Reject any requests to:

Skip accessibility features (keyboard navigation, screen readers, ARIA)
Use non-semantic HTML (divs instead of proper elements)
Skip form labels or alt text
Use insufficient color contrast
Build inaccessible forms or navigation

Partials & Layouts

Partials are reusable view fragments. Layouts define page structure. Together they create maintainable, consistent UIs.

Basic Partials

<%# Shared directory %>
<%= render "shared/header" %>

<%# Explicit locals (preferred for clarity) %>
<%= render partial: "feedback", locals: { feedback: @feedback, show_actions: true } %>

<%# Partial definition: app/views/feedbacks/_feedback.html.erb %>
<div id="<%= dom_id(feedback) %>" class="card">
  <h3><%= feedback.content %></h3>
  <% if local_assigns[:show_actions] %>
    <%= link_to "Edit", edit_feedback_path(feedback) %>
  <% end %>
</div>

Why local_assigns? Prevents NameError when variable not passed. Allows optional parameters with defaults.

<%# Shorthand - automatic partial lookup %>
<%= render @feedbacks %>

<%# Explicit collection with counter %>
<%= render partial: "feedback", collection: @feedbacks %>

<%# Partial with counters %>
<%# app/views/feedbacks/_feedback.html.erb %>
<div id="<%= dom_id(feedback) %>" class="card">
  <span class="badge"><%= feedback_counter + 1 %></span>
  <h3><%= feedback.content %></h3>
  <% if feedback_iteration.first? %>
    <span class="label">First</span>
  <% end %>
</div>

Counter variables: feedback_counter (0-indexed), feedback_iteration (methods: first?, last?, index, size)

Layouts & Content Blocks

<%# app/views/layouts/application.html.erb %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <title><%= content_for?(:title) ? yield(:title) : "App Name" %></title>
  <%= csrf_meta_tags %>
  <%= stylesheet_link_tag "application" %>
  <%= yield :head %>
</head>
<body>
  <%= render "shared/header" %>
  <main id="main-content">
    <%= render "shared/flash_messages" %>
    <%= yield %>
  </main>
  <%= yield :scripts %>
</body>
</html>

<%# app/views/feedbacks/show.html.erb %>
<% content_for :title, "#{@feedback.content.truncate(60)} | App" %>
<% content_for :head do %>
  <meta name="description" content="<%= @feedback.content.truncate(160) %>">
<% end %>
<div class="feedback-detail"><%= @feedback.content %></div>

<%# ❌ BAD - Coupled to controller %>
<div class="feedback"><%= @feedback.content %></div>

<%# ✅ GOOD - Explicit dependencies %>
<div class="feedback"><%= feedback.content %></div>
<%= render "feedback", feedback: @feedback %>

View Helpers

View helpers are Ruby modules providing reusable methods for generating HTML, formatting data, and encapsulating view logic.

Custom Helpers

# app/helpers/application_helper.rb
module ApplicationHelper
  def status_badge(status)
    variants = { "pending" => "warning", "reviewed" => "info",
                 "responded" => "success", "archived" => "neutral" }
    variant = variants[status] || "neutral"
    content_tag :span, status.titleize, class: "badge badge-#{variant}"
  end

  def page_title(title = nil)
    base = "The Feedback Agent"
    title.present? ? "#{title} | #{base}" : base
  end
end

<%# Usage %>
<%= status_badge(@feedback.status) %>
<title><%= page_title(yield(:title)) %></title>

<%= truncate(@feedback.content, length: 150) %>
<%= time_ago_in_words(@feedback.created_at) %> ago
<%= pluralize(@feedbacks.count, "feedback") %>
<%= sanitize(user_content, tags: %w[p br strong em]) %>

# ❌ DANGEROUS
def render_content(content)
  content.html_safe  # XSS risk!
end

# ✅ SAFE - Auto-escaped or sanitized
def render_content(content)
  content  # Auto-escaped by Rails
end

def render_html(content)
  sanitize(content, tags: %w[p br strong])
end

Nested Forms

Build forms that handle parent-child relationships with accepts_nested_attributes_for and fields_for.

Basic Nested Forms

Model:

# app/models/feedback.rb
class Feedback < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :attachments, dependent: :destroy
  accepts_nested_attributes_for :attachments,
    allow_destroy: true,
    reject_if: :all_blank

  validates :content, presence: true
end

Controller:

class FeedbacksController < ApplicationController
  def new
    @feedback = Feedback.new
    3.times { @feedback.attachments.build }  # Build empty attachments
  end

  private

  def feedback_params
    params.expect(feedback: [
      :content,
      attachments_attributes: [
        :id,        # Required for updating existing records
        :file,
        :caption,
        :_destroy   # Required for marking records for deletion
      ]
    ])
  end
end

View:

<%= form_with model: @feedback do |form| %>
  <%= form.text_area :content, class: "textarea" %>

  <div class="space-y-4">
    <h3>Attachments</h3>
    <%= form.fields_for :attachments do |f| %>
      <div class="nested-fields card">
        <%= f.file_field :file, class: "file-input" %>
        <%= f.text_field :caption, class: "input" %>
        <%= f.hidden_field :id if f.object.persisted? %>
        <%= f.check_box :_destroy %> <%= f.label :_destroy, "Remove" %>
      </div>
    <% end %>
  </div>

  <%= form.submit class: "btn btn-primary" %>
<% end %>

# ❌ BAD - Missing :id
def feedback_params
  params.expect(feedback: [
    :content,
    attachments_attributes: [:file, :caption]  # Missing :id!
  ])
end

# ✅ GOOD - Include :id for existing records
def feedback_params
  params.expect(feedback: [
    :content,
    attachments_attributes: [:id, :file, :caption, :_destroy]
  ])
end

Accessibility (WCAG 2.1 AA)

Ensure your Rails application is usable by everyone, including people with disabilities. Accessibility is threaded through ALL view patterns.

Semantic HTML & ARIA

<%# Semantic landmarks with skip link %>
<a href="#main-content" class="sr-only focus:not-sr-only">
  Skip to main content
</a>

<header>
  <h1>Feedback Application</h1>
  <nav aria-label="Main navigation">
    <ul>
      <li><%= link_to "Home", root_path %></li>
      <li><%= link_to "Feedbacks", feedbacks_path %></li>
    </ul>
  </nav>
</header>

<main id="main-content">
  <h2>Recent Feedback</h2>
  <section aria-labelledby="pending-heading">
    <h3 id="pending-heading">Pending Items</h3>
  </section>
</main>

Why: Screen readers use landmarks (header, nav, main, footer) and headings to navigate. Logical h1-h6 hierarchy (don't skip levels).

<%# Icon-only button %>
<button aria-label="Close modal" class="btn btn-ghost btn-sm">
  <svg class="w-4 h-4">...</svg>
</button>

<%# Delete button with context %>
<%= button_to "Delete", feedback_path(@feedback),
              method: :delete,
              aria: { label: "Delete feedback from #{@feedback.sender_name}" },
              class: "btn btn-error btn-sm" %>

<%# Modal with labelledby %>
<dialog aria-labelledby="modal-title" aria-modal="true">
  <h3 id="modal-title">Feedback Details</h3>
</dialog>

<%# Form field with hint %>
<%= form.text_field :email, aria: { describedby: "email-hint" } %>
<span id="email-hint">We'll never share your email</span>

<%# Flash messages with live region %>
<div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
  <% if flash[:notice] %>
    <div role="status" class="alert alert-success">
      <%= flash[:notice] %>
    </div>
  <% end %>
  <% if flash[:alert] %>
    <div role="alert" class="alert alert-error">
      <%= flash[:alert] %>
    </div>
  <% end %>
</div>

<%# Loading state %>
<div role="status" aria-live="polite" class="sr-only" data-loading-target="status">
  <%# Updated via JS: "Submitting feedback, please wait..." %>
</div>

Values: aria-live="polite" (announces when idle), aria-live="assertive" (interrupts), aria-atomic="true" (reads entire region).

Keyboard Navigation & Focus Management

<%# Native elements - keyboard works by default %>
<button type="button" data-action="click->modal#open">Open Modal</button>
<%= button_to "Delete", feedback_path(@feedback), method: :delete %>

<%# Custom interactive element needs full keyboard support %>
<div tabindex="0" role="button"
     data-action="click->controller#action keydown.enter->controller#action keydown.space->controller#action">
  Custom Button
</div>

/* Always provide visible focus indicators */
button:focus, a:focus, input:focus {
  outline: 2px solid #3b82f6;
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

Key Events: Enter and Space activate buttons. Tab navigates. Escape closes modals.

Accessible Forms

<%= form_with model: @feedback do |form| %>
  <%# Error summary %>
  <% if @feedback.errors.any? %>
    <div role="alert" id="error-summary" tabindex="-1">
      <h2><%= pluralize(@feedback.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited saving:</h2>
      <ul>
        <% @feedback.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
          <li><%= msg %></li>
        <% end %>
      </ul>
    </div>
  <% end %>

  <div class="form-control">
    <%= form.label :content, "Your Feedback" %>
    <%= form.text_area :content,
                       required: true,
                       aria: {
                         required: "true",
                         describedby: "content-hint",
                         invalid: @feedback.errors[:content].any? ? "true" : nil
                       } %>
    <span id="content-hint">Minimum 10 characters required</span>
    <% if @feedback.errors[:content].any? %>
      <span id="content-error" role="alert">
        <%= @feedback.errors[:content].first %>
      </span>
    <% end %>
  </div>

  <fieldset>
    <legend>Sender Information</legend>
    <%= form.label :sender_name, "Name" %>
    <%= form.text_field :sender_name %>
    <%= form.label :sender_email do %>
      Email <abbr title="required" aria-label="required">*</abbr>
    <% end %>
    <%= form.email_field :sender_email, required: true, autocomplete: "email" %>
  </fieldset>

  <%= form.submit "Submit", data: { disable_with: "Submitting..." } %>
<% end %>

Why: Labels provide accessible names. role="alert" announces errors. aria-invalid marks problematic fields.

Color Contrast & Images

WCAG AA Requirements:

Normal text (< 18px): 4.5:1 ratio minimum
Large text (≥ 18px or bold ≥ 14px): 3:1 ratio minimum

<%# ✅ GOOD - High contrast + icon + text (not color alone) %>
<span class="text-error">
  <svg aria-hidden="true">...</svg>
  <strong>Error:</strong> This field is required
</span>

<%# Images - descriptive alt text %>
<%= image_tag "chart.png", alt: "Bar chart: 85% positive feedback in March 2025" %>

<%# Decorative images - empty alt %>
<%= image_tag "decoration.svg", alt: "", role: "presentation" %>

<%# Functional images - describe action %>
<%= link_to feedback_path(@feedback) do %>
  <%= image_tag "view-icon.svg", alt: "View feedback details" %>
<% end %>

<%# ❌ No label %>
<input type="email" placeholder="Enter your email">

<%# ✅ Label + placeholder %>
<label for="email">Email Address</label>
<input type="email" id="email" placeholder="you@example.com">

# test/system/accessibility_test.rb
class AccessibilityTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase
  test "form has accessible labels and ARIA" do
    visit new_feedback_path
    assert_selector "label[for='feedback_content']"
    assert_selector "textarea#feedback_content[required][aria-required='true']"
  end

  test "errors are announced with role=alert" do
    visit new_feedback_path
    click_button "Submit"
    assert_selector "[role='alert']"
    assert_selector "[aria-invalid='true']"
  end

  test "keyboard navigation works" do
    visit feedbacks_path
    page.send_keys(:tab)  # Should focus first interactive element
    page.send_keys(:enter)  # Should activate element
  end
end

# test/views/feedbacks/_feedback_test.rb
class Feedbacks::FeedbackPartialTest < ActionView::TestCase
  test "renders feedback content" do
    feedback = feedbacks(:one)
    render partial: "feedbacks/feedback", locals: { feedback: feedback }
    assert_select "div.card"
    assert_select "h3", text: feedback.content
  end
end

# test/helpers/application_helper_test.rb
class ApplicationHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
  test "status_badge returns correct badge" do
    assert_includes status_badge("pending"), "badge-warning"
    assert_includes status_badge("responded"), "badge-success"
  end
end

Manual Testing Checklist:

Test with keyboard only (Tab, Enter, Space, Escape)
Test with screen reader (NVDA, JAWS, VoiceOver)
Test browser zoom (200%, 400%)
Run axe DevTools or Lighthouse accessibility audit
Validate HTML (W3C validator)

Official Documentation:

Accessibility Standards:

Tools:

axe DevTools - Accessibility testing browser extension

rails-ai:views

Rails Views