What Automated Tools Catch (~30-40%)	What Requires Manual Testing (~60-70%)
Missing alt text on images	Alt text quality and accuracy
Missing form labels	Label clarity and helpfulness
Color contrast ratios (computed)	Color contrast in context (gradients, images)
Missing lang attribute	Correct language identification
Duplicate IDs	Logical reading order
Missing ARIA roles on custom widgets	Correct ARIA role for the interaction pattern
Heading hierarchy violations	Heading text meaningfulness
Empty links and buttons	Link/button text descriptiveness
Missing table headers	Table caption and header association quality
Syntax errors in ARIA	Screen reader announcement correctness

Browser + Screen Reader Compatibility Matrix

Primary Test Combinations (Required)

Screen Reader	Browser	OS	Priority
NVDA	Firefox	Windows	Must test
NVDA	Chrome	Windows	Must test
JAWS	Chrome	Windows	Must test
VoiceOver	Safari	macOS	Must test
VoiceOver	Safari	iOS	Must test
TalkBack	Chrome	Android	Should test

Secondary (Nice to Have)

Screen Reader	Browser	OS
Narrator	Edge	Windows
JAWS	Edge	Windows

Testing Decision Tree

Is it a new component or page?
├── Yes → Full test coverage (automated + manual)
│   ├── Run axe-core / Lighthouse scan
│   ├── Keyboard-only navigation test
│   ├── Screen reader announcement test (NVDA + VoiceOver minimum)
│   └── Visual check at 200% zoom
└── No → What changed?
    ├── Colors/styling → Contrast check + visual review
    ├── Interactive behavior → Keyboard + screen reader test
    ├── Content/text → Screen reader announcement check
    ├── Layout/order → Reading order + focus order test
    └── Dependencies updated → Regression scan (axe-core)

Regression Testing Patterns

CI Pipeline Accessibility Gates

axe-core scan: Run on every PR. Fail on new critical/serious violations.
Baseline management: Store known issues in .a11y-baseline.json. Only fail on new issues.
Lighthouse score threshold: Set minimum accessibility score (e.g., 90). Fail on regression.
Visual regression: Capture screenshots at 200% zoom. Compare for focus indicator and layout changes.

Preventing Regressions

Add accessibility assertions to existing component tests (see testing-accessibility.instructions.md)
Include keyboard navigation in E2E test suites
Track accessibility score trends over time (not just pass/fail)

Acceptance Criteria Template

For User Stories

Given [context],
When [action by keyboard/mouse/screen reader],
Then [accessible outcome]:

- [ ] Component has an accessible name (via label, aria-label, or aria-labelledby)
- [ ] Component has the correct ARIA role
- [ ] Component is reachable and operable by keyboard (Tab, Enter, Space, Escape, Arrows as appropriate)
- [ ] Focus is visible when the component receives focus
- [ ] State changes are announced to screen readers (aria-expanded, aria-selected, aria-checked, etc.)
- [ ] Error messages are associated with their inputs (aria-describedby or aria-errormessage)
- [ ] Content is readable at 200% zoom without horizontal scrolling
- [ ] Color is not the only means of conveying information

Common Testing Tools

Tool	Type	Best For
axe-core / @axe-core/cli	Automated	CI/CD integration, broad violation scan
Lighthouse	Automated	Performance + accessibility combined score
WAVE	Semi-automated	Visual overlay of accessibility features/issues
Accessibility Insights	Semi-automated	FastPass (automated) + Assessment (guided manual)
pa11y	Automated	CI/CD, HTML CodeSniffer rules
jest-axe	Unit test	Component-level axe scans in jest
cypress-axe	E2E test	Page-level axe scans in Cypress
playwright + @axe-core/playwright	E2E test	Page-level axe scans in Playwright

Screen Reader Testing Quick Reference

NVDA (Windows)

Key	Action
Insert + Space	Toggle focus/browse mode
Tab	Move to next focusable element
H	Next heading
D	Next landmark
F	Next form field
T	Next table
Insert + F7	Elements list (links, headings, landmarks)

VoiceOver (macOS)

Key	Action
VO (Ctrl+Option) + Right	Move to next element
VO + Space	Activate current element
VO + U	Open rotor (navigate by type)
VO + Cmd + H	Next heading

testing-strategy

Testing Strategy Skill

Automated vs. Manual Testing Coverage