Avoid the any type — use unknown, generics, or type guards instead

The any type is a local opt-out that becomes a global problem: a function returning any propagates unchecked types to every caller, silently undermining the type system across the entire codebase. Replacing any with unknown forces type narrowing at the point of use, turning latent runtime errors into compile-time failures where they are cheapest to fix.

Quick Reference

• any disables all type checking for a value and cascades to callers
• unknown is the safe alternative — it requires a type check before use
• Use generics to express "I accept any type, but it stays consistent"
• At API boundaries, validate with Zod rather than asserting with as Type

Check

Scan this TypeScript file for uses of the any type (explicit annotations, implicit any from missing types, and type assertions to any). Report each location and suggest a safer alternative.

Fix

Replace the any types in this code with unknown (for values of unknown shape), appropriate generics (for type-consistent operations), or Zod validation (for external data). Show the narrowing or generic constraint needed at each usage site.