Backend Performance

Workflow

1. Define latency, throughput, memory, or capacity target.
2. Measure the slow path with logs, profiling, traces, or benchmarks.
3. Identify bottlenecks in queries, serialization, locks, network calls, caches, or queues.
4. Optimize one bottleneck at a time.
5. Preserve correctness, authorization, and reliability.

Common Fixes

• Add bounded caching with invalidation.
• Reduce N+1 calls and unnecessary serialization.
• Tune concurrency, batching, and queue workers.

Verification