# Check current state first
git log --oneline -3
git status

# Undo commit, keep changes staged
git reset --soft HEAD~1

# Verify
git status  # Changes should be staged
git log --oneline -1  # Previous commit is now HEAD

Safety: Non-destructive. All changes remain staged.

Option 2: Undo Last Commit (Discard Changes)

Scenario: You committed something completely wrong and want to throw it away.

WARNING: DESTRUCTIVE - Changes will be lost!

# CRITICAL: First, save a backup reference
BACKUP_REF=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
echo "Backup ref: $BACKUP_REF (save this to recover if needed)"

# Show what will be lost
git show HEAD --stat

# Confirm with user before proceeding
# Then execute:
git reset --hard HEAD~1

# Verify
git log --oneline -3
git status  # Should be clean

Recovery: If you made a mistake, run git reset --hard $BACKUP_REF

Option 3: Recover Deleted Branch

Scenario: You deleted a branch and need it back.

# Find the branch's last commit in reflog
git reflog | grep -i "branch-name"
# Or search all recent activity:
git reflog --all | head -30

# Once you find the commit hash (e.g., abc1234):
git checkout -b recovered-branch abc1234

# Verify
git log --oneline -5
git branch -v | grep recovered

Note: Reflog keeps entries for ~90 days by default.

Option 4: Reset File to Last Commit

Scenario: You modified a file and want to discard local changes.

WARNING: DESTRUCTIVE - Uncommitted changes to file will be lost!

# Show current changes to file
git diff path/to/file

# Confirm with user before proceeding
# Then restore:
git checkout HEAD -- path/to/file

# Or using newer git restore (Git 2.23+):
git restore path/to/file

# Verify
git status path/to/file  # Should show no changes
git diff path/to/file    # Should be empty

Option 5: Undo a Rebase

Scenario: A rebase went wrong and you want to return to pre-rebase state.

# Find the pre-rebase state
git reflog | head -20
# Look for entry like: "rebase (start): checkout main"
# The entry BEFORE that is your pre-rebase state

# Alternative: ORIG_HEAD is set automatically before rebase
git log --oneline ORIG_HEAD -3

# Reset to pre-rebase state
git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD

# Verify
git log --oneline -5
git status

Safety: ORIG_HEAD is overwritten by other operations, use reflog if ORIG_HEAD is stale.

Option 6: Undo a Merge

Scenario: You merged a branch and want to undo it.

# If merge commit exists and NOT pushed:
git log --oneline -5  # Find the merge commit

# Reset to before merge
git reset --hard HEAD~1

# If you need to specify which parent:
git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD

# Verify
git log --oneline -5
git branch -v

WARNING: If already pushed, use git revert -m 1 <merge-commit> instead to create a new commit that undoes the merge.

Option 7: Find Lost Commits (Reflog Deep Dive)

Scenario: You lost commits and need to find them.

# View full reflog with dates
git reflog --date=relative

# Search for specific text in commit messages
git reflog | xargs -I {} git log -1 --format="%h %s" {} 2>/dev/null | grep "search-term"

# Show reflog for specific branch
git reflog show branch-name

# Once found (e.g., abc1234), examine it:
git show abc1234

# Recover by creating a branch or cherry-picking:
git branch recovered-work abc1234
# Or:
git cherry-pick abc1234

Option 8: Unstage Files (Keep Changes)

Scenario: You staged files you didn't mean to stage.

# Unstage specific file
git reset HEAD path/to/file

# Or using newer git restore (Git 2.23+):
git restore --staged path/to/file

# Unstage all files
git reset HEAD

# Verify
git status  # Files should be unstaged but modified

Safety: Non-destructive. Changes remain in working directory.

Interactive Workflow

When /git-recovery is invoked:

Show current git state:
```
git status
git log --oneline -5
```

Present recovery options:

Git Recovery Options:
1. Undo last commit (keep changes staged)
2. Undo last commit (discard changes) [DESTRUCTIVE]
3. Recover deleted branch
4. Reset file to last commit [DESTRUCTIVE]
5. Undo a rebase
6. Undo a merge
7. Find lost commits (reflog search)
8. Unstage files

Which scenario? (1-8):

For destructive operations:
- Always show what will be lost
- Provide backup command
- Require explicit confirmation
After recovery:
- Run verification commands
- Show new state
- Confirm success

Safety Rules

NEVER use --force on shared branches without explicit user confirmation
ALWAYS show backup reference before destructive operations
ALWAYS verify after each recovery operation
Check if changes are pushed before suggesting reset vs revert

Common Gotchas

Problem	Wrong Approach	Right Approach
Undo pushed commit	`git reset --hard`	`git revert <commit>`
Recover deleted branch	Panic	`git reflog` + checkout
Undo rebase on shared branch	`git reset`	`git revert` each commit
Lost commits after reset	Assume lost	`git reflog` saves the day

Related Skills

commit: Create commits with validation
stacked-prs: Manage PR stacks safely
release-management: Handle release branch operations

git-recovery

Git Recovery

Quick Start

Recovery Scenarios

Option 1: Undo Last Commit (Keep Changes)